Historical Review, Invention of Colour Television

Earlier television were in monochrome, but with advancements in technology, they also started coming in colored versions.

Colour Television in 19th  century 

Colour television was by no means a new idea.  In the late 19th century a Russian scientist by the name of A.A.  Polumordvinov devised a system of spinning Nipkow disks and concentric cylinders with slits covered by red, green, and blue filters.  But he was far ahead of the technology of the day;  even the most basic black-and-white television was decades away.  In 1928, Baird gave demonstrations in London of a color system using a Nipkow disk with three spirals of 30 apertures, one spiral for each primary color in sequence.  The light source at the receiver was composed of two Cathode ray tubes or gas-discharge tubes, one of mercury vapor and helium for the green and blue colors and a neon tube for red.  The quality, however, was quite poor.

Colour Television in 20th century 

In the early 20th century, many inventors designed color systems and their basic concept was later called the "sequential" system, different terminologies used as more and more new functions introduced. They introduce three successive coloured filter red, blue, and green to scane the picture. Idea was that in the result out put human eye would see original multicoloured.

Unfortunately, this system required too fast a rate of scanning which were not possible in black-and-white receivers would not be able to reproduce the pictures.  Sequential systems therefore came to be described as "noncompatible."

An alternative approach which is compatible with existing black and white recovers known as “simultaneous” system, which would transmit the three primary-colour signals together.

In 1924, Harold McCreary designed a system using cathode-ray tubes as camera speratly to scane each of three primary colour components of picture at receiving end. In each tube,  elecron struck the phosphors coated screen In the result glow of appropriate three primary Colour produced, series of mirrors would then combine these images into one picture.

At that time this was a new idea but not working properly .

In 1929 Herbert Ives and colleagues at Bell Laboratories transmitted 50-line colour television images between New York City and Washington, D.C.; this was a mechanical method, using spinning disks, but one that sent the three primary colour signals simultaneously over three separate circuits.

After World War II, the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) began demonstrating its own sequential color system, designed by Peter Goldmark.  Combining cathode-ray tubes with spinning wheels of red, blue, and green filters, it was impressive enough that's why Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to authorize the Goldmark system for commercial television, but Sarnoff warned against using a "horse-and-buggy" system that was incompatible with monochrome TV.  At the same time, Sarnoff whipped his troops at RCA into developing the first all-electronic compatible color system in 1950.

In this every 1/60 of a second the receiver’s three electron guns painted the entire picture simultaneously with red, green, and blue, left to right, line by line.

And the RCA colour system was compatible with existing black-and-white sets.

In 1952, the National Television Systems Committee (NTSC) was reformed, this time with the purpose of creating an "Industry Color System." Which adopted most of Europe and Japan as well. And after this varity of different colours and system like PAL (phase alternation line) introduce in Germany the United Kingdom, and the rest of Europe had adopted PAL. In France Henri de France developed SECAM Soviet Union adopted SECAM, both these system are based on NTSC system with slitly modifications, These are still the standards of colour television today, despite the arrival of digital television.

With the passage of time different name were given according to modifications of system three colour system then multi coloured and digital television now a days smart television like LCD and LED with high resolution advance futures and systems.

Digital television 

Digital television technology emerged to public view in the 1990s.  In the United States professional action was spurred by a demonstration in 1987 of a new analog high-definition television (HDTV) system by NHK, Japan's public television network.  This incited the FCC to declare an open competition to create American HDTV, and in June 1990 the General Instrument Corporation (GI) surprised the industry by announcing the world's first all-digital television system.  Designed by the Korean-born engineer Woo Paik, the GI system displayed a 1,080-line color picture on a wide-screen receiver and managed to transmit the necessary information for this picture over a conventional television channel.  Heretofore, the main obstacle to producing digital TV had been the problem of bandwidth. 

Within a few months of GI's announcement, both the Zenith Electronics Corporation and the David Sarnoff Research Center (formerly RCA Laboratories) announced their own digital HDTV systems.

In 1993 these and four other TV laboratories formed a "Grand Alliance" to develop marketable HDTV.  In the meantime, an entire range of new possibilities aside from HDTV emerged.  Digital broadcasters could certainly show a high-definition picture over a regular six-megahertz channel, but they might "multicast" instead, transmitting five or six digital standard-definition programs over that same channel.

Indeed, digital transmission made “smart TV” a real possibility, where the home receiver might become a computer in its own right. 

There are varity of smart television like LCD and LED available in market with high resolution advance futures and systems.

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Historical Review, Invention of Television

In the word Television Tele-” is a prefix that means “far off” or “operating at a distance.”  The word "television" was agreed upon quite rapidly, and while other terms like "iconoscope" and "emitron" referred to patented devices that were used in some electronic television systems, television is the one that stuck.

A television basically consists of three parts: the TV camera that turns a picture and sound into a signal;  the TV transmitter that sends the signal through the air;  and the TV receiver (the TV set in the home) that captures the signal and turns it back into picture and sound.  TV creates moving pictures by repeatedly capturing still pictures and presenting these frames to your eyes quickly that they seem to be moving.  The images are flickering on the screen so fast that they fuse together in your brain to make a moving picture.

Earlier televisions were monochrome mono means single and chrome means colour, having single colour known as black and white televisions.

Historical review

No single inventor deserves credit for the television.  The idea was floating around long before the technology existed to make it happen, and many scientists and engineers made contributions that built on each other to eventually produce what we know as TV today.

Television's origins can be traced to the 1830s and '40s, when Samuel F.B.  Morse developed the telegraph, the system of sending messages (translated into beeping sounds) along wires.  Another important step forward came in 1876 in the form of Alexander Graham Bell's telephone, which allowed the human voice to travel through wires over long distances.

Both Bell and Thomas Edison speculated about the possibility of telephone-like devices that could transmit images as well as sounds.  But it was a German researcher who took the next important step towards developing the technology that made television possible.  In 1884, Paul Nipkow came up with a system of sending images through wires via spinning discs.  He called it the electric telescope, but it was essentially an early form of mechanical television.

The word "television" first appeared in 1907 in the discussion of a theoretical device that transported images across telegraph or telephone wires.  Ironically, this prediction was behind the times, as some of the first experiments into television used radio waves from the beginning.

TV Goes Electronic With Cathode Ray Tubes

In the early 1900s, both Russian physicist Boris Rosing and Scottish engineer Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton worked independently to improve on Nipkow's system by replacing the spinning discs with cathode ray tubes, a technology developed earlier by German physicist Karl Braun.  Swinton's system, which placed cathode ray tubes inside the camera that sent a picture, as well as inside the receiver, was essentially the earliest all-electronic television system.

Russian-born engineer Vladimir Zworykin had worked as Rosing's assistant before both of them emigrated following the Russian Revolution.  In 1923, Zworykin was employed at the Pittsburgh-based manufacturing company Westinghouse when he applied for his first television patent, for the “Iconoscope,” which used cathode ray tubes to transmit images.

 Meanwhile, Scottish engineer John Baird gave the world's first demonstration of true television before 50 scientists in central London in 1927. With his new invention, Baird formed the Baird Television Development Company, and in 1928 it achieved the first transatlantic television transmission between London and New York and the first transmission to a ship in the mid-Atlantic.  Baird is also credited with giving the first demonstration of both color and stereoscopic television.

Earlier television shows were in monochrome, but with advancements in technology, they also started coming in colored versions. And remote control invented later for more convinece. By clicking on link You can read the articles colour television and invention of remote control in detail.

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Afghanistan

 

Flag of Afghanistan

15 August 2021 (current form)

State emblem of Afghanistan

(coat of arms adopted 15 Agust 2021)

Introduction of Afghanistan 

Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, status Un member state unrecognised government after tailban taking charge of the country is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia.

Referred to as the Heart of Asia, it is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south, Iran to the west, Turkmenistan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, Tajikistan to the northeast, and China to the northeast and east. Occupying 652,864 square kilometres (252,072 sq mi) of land, the country is predominantly mountainous with plains in the north and the southwest, which are separated by the Hindu Kush mountain range. Kabul is the country's largest city and serves as its capital. As of 2021, Afghanistan's population is 40.2 million (officially estimated to be 32.9 million), composed of ethnic Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Qizilbash, Aimak, Pashayi, Baloch, Pamiris, Nuristanis, and others.

Legislative body of Afghanistan 

The Leadership Council of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, also translated as the Supreme Council, (Pashto: رهبری شُورَىٰ, romanized: Rahbarī Shūrā, also referred to as the Inner Shura) is the central governing body of the Taliban and Afghanistan. The Taliban uses a consensus decision-making model among members of the Leadership Council, though the supreme leader, who chairs the council, has ultimate authority and may override or circumvent it at any time. It played a key role in directing the Taliban insurgency from Quetta, Pakistan, which led to it being informally referred to as the Quetta Shura at the time.

State heads

Government Unitary totalitarian provisional theocratic Islamic emirate.

Supreme Leader of Afghanistan is Hibatullah Akhundzada.

Prime Minister of Afghanistan is

Hasan Akhund (acting). And Chief Justice

Abdul Hakim Ishaqzai.

Capital of Afghanistan 

Kabul is the largest city and capital of Afghanistan.

Currancy of Pakistan

Currancy of Afghanistan is Afgani (افغانی).

Country codes

Caling code +93

Iso code 3166 AF

ISO 3166 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that defines codes for the names of countries, dependent territories, special areas of geographical interest, and their principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states).

National Language of Afghanistan 

National Language of Afghanistan is Pashto (پشتو)، Dari.

Other ethnic regional languages are spoken along with official language like 42% Pashtun, 27% Tajik, 9% Hazara, 9% Uzbek, 4% Aimaq, 3% Turkmen, 2% Baloch, 4% Others etc, are spoken in different areas of the Afghanistan .

Time zone

UTC+04:30 (Time of Afghanistan)(Lunar calendar)

Coordinated Universal Time or UTC is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time.

Date format 

dd.mm.yy.y.y

Driving side

Right drive 

Travel facilities

Transporter vechiels are available in whole Pakistan, trains and domestic air lines are available for some major cities. And boats are available for some water lock areas.

GDP year 2022

Gross Domestic products of the year 2021 is 14.79 US billion dollars.

Relegion

99.7% islam 

0.3% others

Population of Afghanistan 

It is the world's 37th-most populous country, with a population of almost 40.2 million (officially estimated to be 38.34 million, composed of ethnic Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Qizilbash, Aimak, Pashayi, Baloch, Pamiris, Nuristanis, and others.

Map of Afghanistan 

Map of Afghanistan 

Total Area

652,867 km square .

Water % negligible.

Area and boundaries of Afghanistan 

Afghanistan is the 40th-largest country in the world by area and the fifth-largest in South Asia, spanning 652,867 square kilometers (252,073 square miles). 

it is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south, 2627km (1660 miles) known as durand line. Iran to the west 921 km (572miles), Turkmenistan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, Tajikistan to the northeast 1357 km (843 miles), and China to the northeast and east 92km (57 miles) long. Occupying 652,864 square kilometres (252,072 sq mi) of land, the country is predominantly mountainous with plains in the north and the southwest, which are separated by the Hindu Kush mountain range.

Cultural civilization and Heritage

Human habitation in Afghanistan dates back to the Middle Paleolithic era, and the country's strategic location along the historic Silk Road has led it to being described, picturesquely, as the ‘roundabout of the ancient world’. Popularly referred to as the graveyard of empires, the land has historically been home to various peoples and has witnessed numerous military campaigns, including those by the Persians, Alexander the Great, the Maurya Empire, Arab Muslims, the Mongols, the British, the Soviet Union, and most recently by a US-led coalition. Afghanistan also served as the source from which the Greco-Bactrians and the Mughals, amongst others, rose to form major empires. The various conquests and periods in both the Iranian and Indian cultural spheres made the area a center for Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and later Islam throughout history.

National symbols of Afghanistan 

Afghanistan-state owned is known as National of Afghanistan. Some important are given below.

• National flag of Afghanistan having kalma black in colour on white background which represents Islamic Republic and white color represents sighn of peace.
• National language of Afghanistan is Pashto, Dari.
• National emblem of Afghanistan has a mihrab with a minbar within, supporting the Quran, and crowned by the sun.Two swords, two sheaves of wheat and a cogwheel. Inscription of the shahada in Arabic and name of the nation in Pashto: لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله - ١٤١٥,١,١٥هـ ت - د افغانستان اسلامي امارت "There is no god but Allah. Muhammad is the messenger of Allah - 15-1-1415A.H.Q[b] - Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan".
• National motive of Afghanistan لا إله إلا الله، محمد رسول الله  (Lā ʾilāha ʾillāl–lāh, Muhammadun rasūl allāh).
• National anthem of Afghanistan is Afgan national anthem.
• National heros of Afghanistan is Ahmad Shah Durrani.
• National mausoleum of Afghanistan is tomb of Ahmad Shah Durrani.
• National poet of Afghanistan is Rumi.
• National dress of Afghanistan is Afgan clothes (shalwar kameez).
• National mosque of Afghanistan is  Abdul Rahman Mosque, Kabul.
• National mountain of Afghanistan is Mount Noshaq.
• National River of Afghanistan is Kabul river.
• National sport of Afghanistan is Buzkashi.
• National dance of Afgan is Attan.
• National instrument of Afghanistan is Rubab.
• National flower of Afghanistan is Tulip.
• National animal of Afghanistan is snow leopard.
• National dog of Afghanistan is Afgan Hound.
• National bird of Afghanistan is golden Eagle.
• The kabul public library (KPL) is also the only state-owned public library in Kabul and the oldest of the public libraries in Afghanistan.
• National Fruit of Afghanistan is Pomegranate.
• National dish of Afghanistan is Qabuli Palaw.
• National tree of Afghanistan is  Afghan Pine.
• National drink of Afghanistan is traditional Tea .
• National food of Afghanistan is Qabuli palaw.
• Afghanistan National Television is the state-owned television channel in Afghanistan. It is part of the Radio Television Afghanistan (RTA) public broadcaster.
• Communications in Afghanistan is under the control of the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (MCIT).Radio Afghanistan, also known as Radio Kabul or Voice of Sharia, is the public radio station of Afghanistan, owned by Radio Television Afghanistan.
• Afghanistan Railways is the national, state-owned railway company which own three routes and working to expand.
• Ariana Afghan Airlines (ARIANA) is the largest airline in Afghanistan and serves as the country's National Carrier. Founded in 1955
• Afghan Post is the national mail and courier organization of Afghanistan with its headquarters in Kabul.

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