X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)

Working principle & Instrumentation XPS instrumentation XPS (photoelectron spectroscopy) is a surface-sensitive technique used to analyze the elemental composition, chemical state, and electronic state of elements on the surface of a material.In Xps photoelectrons emitted from material...

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X-ray Diffraction (XRD)

Working principle & Instrumentation XRD instrumentation XRD (X-ray Diffraction) is versatile nondistructive technique used to analyze the crystallographic structure of materials by measuring the diffraction pattern of X-rays as they interact with a crystalline sample.XRD provides...

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Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)

Working principle & Instrumentation  FTIR instrumentation FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) is analytical technique for determining functional group and crystal orientations. Their nature may be of organic or inorganic. FTIR contain IR source to produce...

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Surface Area Analyzer (SSA)

Working principle & Instrumentation SAA instrumentation The SSA (Surface Area Analyzer) is used to measure the specific surface area of a material, providing information about its porosity and the extent of available surface for chemical interactions. SAA quantifies the surface area...

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Pore Size Distribution (PSD)

Working principle & Instrumentation PSD instrumentation  Pore size distribution analysis is used to determine the range of pore sizes within a material. This information is crucial for understanding the material's properties, especially in fields like material science,...

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Point of Zero Charge (PZC)

Working principle & Instrumentation  PZC instrumentation The Point of Zero Charge (PZC or pHPZC) is a characteristic of a material's surface at which the material carries no net electrical charge. It is a critical parameter in understanding the surface charge behavior...

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Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA)

Working principle & Instrumentation TGA instrumentation Thermal analysis are Techniques in which a physical property of a substance is measured as a function of temperature whilst the substance is subjected to a controlled temperature programme certain techniques lie in this here we discuse...

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Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA)

Working principle & Instrumentation DTA instrumentation  Thermal analysis are Techniques in which a physical property of a substance is measured as a function of temperature whilst the substance is subjected to a controlled temperature programme certain techniques lie in this...

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Chemistry

It is difficult to say definitively about the origin of the word alchemy. It is probably derived from Khem, the ancient name of Egypt. This name was given to Egypt on the basis of the black color of its soil. Alchemy developed in ancient Egyptian and Greek civilizations. This knowledge was given...

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The Muslim Scientists and their Contributions in Science

The knowledge that provides understanding of this world and how it works, is science.Systematic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through observation and experimentation is called science.One of the most important contributions Muslims have made to society is in scientific discovery....

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