HAARP , High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program

    

The official website of HAARP research project is,

https://haarp.gi.alaska.edu

The High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program, or HAARP, is a scientific endeavor aimed at studying the properties and behavior of the ionosphere (the highest ionize part of the earth) "The ionosphere stretches roughly 50 to 400 miles above Earth's surface, right at the edge of space. Along with the neutral upper atmosphere, the ionosphere forms the boundary between Earth's lower atmosphere where we live and breathe and the vacuum of space.

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The Science of Earthquakes

An earthquake is an intense shaking of Earth’s surface. The shaking is caused by movements in Earth’s outermost layer.

Simply Earthquakes occur due to the sudden release of energy from the earth's crust. Due to which seismic waves are generated which cause earthquakes.

Scientists can measure the magnitude of earthquakes by measuring these seismic waves on instruments called seismometer.

A seismometer detects seismic waves below the instrument and records them as a series of zig-zags by this means different types of waves intensity can be recorded in the form of graph called ceismograph measured on a scale known as Richter scale.

Why do earthquakes happen

Although the Earth looks like a pretty solid place from the surface, it’s actually extremely active just below the surface. The Earth is made of four basic layers: a solid crust, a hot nearly solid mantle, a liquid outer core and a solid inner core.

These basic layers are made up of their sub layers which combinly makes the structure of the Earth.

The crust and the top of the mantle make up a thin skin on the surface of our planet region called lithosphere.

The lithosphere isn’t a continuous piece that wraps around the whole Earth like an eggshell. 

Earth's outer skin is not a continuous surface. Instead, it is composed of massive segments called tectonic plates. 

Tectonic plates are constantly shifting as they drift around on the viscous, or slowly flowing, mantle layer below.

This non-stop movement causes stress on Earth’s crust. When the stresses get too large, it leads to cracks called faults. When tectonic plates move, it also causes movements at the faults and produced energy which travel in the form of waves known as cesmic waves which cause vibration or shaking of earth in the form of earthquakes.

Simply an earthquake is the sudden movement of Earth’s crust at a fault line.

Center of motion is located in the plate is called Hypo Center.  The center of the earthquake on the earth's surface above it is called the Epicentre.  

An earthquake’s most intense shaking is often felt near the epicenter. However, the vibrations from an earthquake can still be felt and detected hundreds, or even thousands of miles away from the epicenter.

Some time cesmic waves produced due to havey explosion which cause the vibration or shaking of earth as well.

When an earthquake occurs, different types of energy waves are generated.

"P waves" or "primary waves" 

are the first waves to be detected. These are compressional waves that push and pull as they move through rock and fluids.
"S waves" or "secondary waves"
are the next waves to be detected. These waves move only through rock. They move up and down or side to side, perpendicular to the direction in which the wave is moving.

Surface waves

These waves follow P and S waves. They travel along the surface of the earth and thus cause the most damage. 
Surface waves can be characterized as Love waves, which are faster and move the ground from side to side, and Rayleigh waves, which roll like waves on the surface of oceans and lakes.

Two major types of earthquakes

There are two types of earthquakes, earthquakes caused by natural causes are called tectonic earthquakes, while earthquakes caused by human activities are called non-tectonic.  Tectonic earthquakes can also be of extreme magnitude.  Whereas non-tectonics are usually of moderate magnitude.  The effect of the same earthquake can be different on different regions, so there is a lot of destruction in one region, but other regions remain safe.  Earthquake waves travel at a speed of 25,000 kilometers per hour.  In areas of soft soil and sand, they prove to be extremely destructive.  Their magnitude is estimated on the Richter scale from seismograph records.  While the intensity of the visible disaster is measured by the Mercally Intensity Scale.  Earthquakes also occur on the surface of the ocean floor, and the fact is that most earthquakes occur on the ocean floor.  Marine earthquakes or tsunamis create large waves in the sea.  Some of them extend from one hundred miles to 200 miles in length, while their height is up to 40 feet.  When these waves reach the coast, they pass through the coast and enter the land like a flood and spread immense destruction and destruction.

other types of earthquakes

In addition to tectonic earthquakes, seismologists have classified three more earthquake types:

Volcanic: Earthquakes that occur in conjunction with volcanic activity

Collapse: Smaller-scale earthquakes that result from the subterranean collapse of caverns or mines

Explosion: Earthquakes caused by underground explosions of nuclear or chemical devices.

Induced seismicity: is typically earthquakes and tremors that are caused by human activity that alters the stresses and strains on Earth's crust.

Fracking:  is an informal term for hydraulic fracturing, a process used to increase the flow of oil or gas to a production well.

Seismic events associated with fracking  may cause earthquakes.

Artificial Manmade: Scientists have known for a long time that humans can cause earthquakes, especially when we mess around with underground faults. 

And by producing artificial waves in earth crust Haarp is the best example ot it now these days.

Earthquake Foreshocks 

Sometimes an earthquake has foreshocks. These are smaller earthquakes that happen in the same place as the larger earthquake that follows. Scientists can’t tell that an earthquake is a foreshock until the larger earthquake happens. The largest, main earthquake is called the mainshock. Mainshocks always have aftershocks that follow. These are smaller earthquakes that occur afterwards in the same place as the mainshock. Depending on the size of the mainshock, aftershocks can continue for weeks, months, and even years after the mainshock!

Earthquakes regions

The main reasons of earthquakes in these regions are mainly tectonic earthquakes

The regions of the world where earthquakes occur more are mainly located in 3 belt belts.  The first belt, which is connected to the Himalayan mountains towards the east, passes through the Himalayan mountains in the northern regions of India and Pakistan, passes through Afghanistan, Iran and then Turkey to continental Europe and from Yugoslavia to France, i.e. to the Alps.

The second belt starts from the mountain range of Alaska on the western edge of the continent of North America and includes the Rocky mountains towards the south, passes through Mexico and reaches Chile through the countries of Colombia, Ecuador and Peru located in the western part of the continent of South America.  Is.  While the third belt starts from Japan in the east of the continent of Asia, passes through Taiwan and reaches the islands of the Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia and Indonesia in the south.  50 percent of earthquakes in the world originate in the Himalayas, Rocky Mountains and Andes mountains and these three mountain ranges are located in the belts mentioned above.  About 40 percent of earthquakes occur in the coastal areas of continents and their vicinity, while the remaining 10 percent of earthquakes occur in areas of the world that are neither mountainous nor coastal.

Inspite of the scitific belives some other belives including religious belives are alwse present about earthquakes discuss in detail in the article religious belives about earthquakes.

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Historical review of destrcutive Earthquakes

When and where the oldest earthquake occurred in history cannot be said with certainty, but the first earthquake recorded by man in history occurred in China in 1177 BC, about three thousand years ago.  After that, the oldest records are found in Europe in 580 BC and Sparta in Greece in 464 BC.  Historians believe that this earthquake occurred during the Polynesian War fought between Sparta and Athens.

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Safety tips for driving in fog, mist and smog

In practice, mist is considered synonymous with “light fog”. The term “smog” (from the words “smoke” and “fog”) is widely used for conditions where fog and heavy air pollution are present, with chemical reactions between the fog droplets and various pollutants which reduced the visibility more.

In winter, the visibility often reduced very much so roads are either blocked or allowed to travel with some directions.

Every year, hundreds of people die in various accidents due to this

Travelling in fog can be extremely dangerous. Fog and smog can drift rapidly and is often patchy.

Warnings of dense fog are issued when visibility is expected to fall below 200 metres. Severe disruption to transport occurs when the visibility falls below 50 metres.

If you have to travel in this situation follow some basic guidelines strictly for safe journey.

Some basic travle guidelines in fog, mist and smog.

• Avoid travel if possible

• Drive very slowly with dim headlights, full-beam lights reflect off the fog causing a 'white wall' effect

• Keep an eye on your speed, fog can give the illusion of moving in slow motion

• Use fog lights, but remember to turn them off when the visibility improves

• If the fog light is not installed installed them or for immediate fog papers use for lights.

• Don't hang on the tail lights of the car in front, rear lights can give a false sense of security

• Watch out for freezing fog which is made of water droplets that freeze on contact with objects such as the pavement, road, car, etc. It can quickly form a layer of ice.

• Smog is in contact with fog cause more severe conditions reduced the visibility more.

• Asthma patient avoid to driving where smog is present with fog . 

• Check all the lights of vechel for their proper functions before start journey.

• Keep your speed slow as much as possible depending upon conditions.

• Keep proper distance during driving from other vechels.

• Rain makes the situation more worst. Even moderate rain can reduce your ability to see and be seen. A good rule of thumb is ‘if it’s time for your wipers, it’s time to slow down’

• Turn your wiper when visibility is low, whether it's raining or not. 

• Roads will be more slippery than usual in wet weather – slow down and Increase your gap to moving traffic in front

• grip your steering wheel firmly with both hands. 

• Avoid overtaking

• If visibility is very limited, wind down your windows at junctions and crossroads to allow you to listen out for approaching traffic. 

• Keep an eye out for cyclists, motorcyclists and pedestrians

• If you really cannot see, you should consider stopping until it is safe to continue.

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