Historical Review, Invention of Television

In the word Television Tele-” is a prefix that means “far off” or “operating at a distance.”  The word "television" was agreed upon quite rapidly, and while other terms like "iconoscope" and "emitron" referred to patented devices that were used in some electronic television systems, television is the one that stuck.

A television basically consists of three parts: the TV camera that turns a picture and sound into a signal;  the TV transmitter that sends the signal through the air;  and the TV receiver (the TV set in the home) that captures the signal and turns it back into picture and sound.  TV creates moving pictures by repeatedly capturing still pictures and presenting these frames to your eyes quickly that they seem to be moving.  The images are flickering on the screen so fast that they fuse together in your brain to make a moving picture.

Earlier televisions were monochrome mono means single and chrome means colour, having single colour known as black and white televisions.

Historical review

No single inventor deserves credit for the television.  The idea was floating around long before the technology existed to make it happen, and many scientists and engineers made contributions that built on each other to eventually produce what we know as TV today.

Television's origins can be traced to the 1830s and '40s, when Samuel F.B.  Morse developed the telegraph, the system of sending messages (translated into beeping sounds) along wires.  Another important step forward came in 1876 in the form of Alexander Graham Bell's telephone, which allowed the human voice to travel through wires over long distances.

Both Bell and Thomas Edison speculated about the possibility of telephone-like devices that could transmit images as well as sounds.  But it was a German researcher who took the next important step towards developing the technology that made television possible.  In 1884, Paul Nipkow came up with a system of sending images through wires via spinning discs.  He called it the electric telescope, but it was essentially an early form of mechanical television.

The word "television" first appeared in 1907 in the discussion of a theoretical device that transported images across telegraph or telephone wires.  Ironically, this prediction was behind the times, as some of the first experiments into television used radio waves from the beginning.

TV Goes Electronic With Cathode Ray Tubes

In the early 1900s, both Russian physicist Boris Rosing and Scottish engineer Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton worked independently to improve on Nipkow's system by replacing the spinning discs with cathode ray tubes, a technology developed earlier by German physicist Karl Braun.  Swinton's system, which placed cathode ray tubes inside the camera that sent a picture, as well as inside the receiver, was essentially the earliest all-electronic television system.

Russian-born engineer Vladimir Zworykin had worked as Rosing's assistant before both of them emigrated following the Russian Revolution.  In 1923, Zworykin was employed at the Pittsburgh-based manufacturing company Westinghouse when he applied for his first television patent, for the “Iconoscope,” which used cathode ray tubes to transmit images.

 Meanwhile, Scottish engineer John Baird gave the world's first demonstration of true television before 50 scientists in central London in 1927. With his new invention, Baird formed the Baird Television Development Company, and in 1928 it achieved the first transatlantic television transmission between London and New York and the first transmission to a ship in the mid-Atlantic.  Baird is also credited with giving the first demonstration of both color and stereoscopic television.

Earlier television shows were in monochrome, but with advancements in technology, they also started coming in colored versions. And remote control invented later for more convinece. By clicking on link You can read the articles colour television and invention of remote control in detail.

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Historical Review, Invention of Colour Television

Earlier television were in monochrome, but with advancements in technology, they also started coming in colored versions.

Colour Television in 19th  century 

Colour television was by no means a new idea.  In the late 19th century a Russian scientist by the name of A.A.  Polumordvinov devised a system of spinning Nipkow disks and concentric cylinders with slits covered by red, green, and blue filters.  But he was far ahead of the technology of the day;  even the most basic black-and-white television was decades away.  In 1928, Baird gave demonstrations in London of a color system using a Nipkow disk with three spirals of 30 apertures, one spiral for each primary color in sequence.  The light source at the receiver was composed of two Cathode ray tubes or gas-discharge tubes, one of mercury vapor and helium for the green and blue colors and a neon tube for red.  The quality, however, was quite poor.

Colour Television in 20th century 

In the early 20th century, many inventors designed color systems and their basic concept was later called the "sequential" system, different terminologies used as more and more new functions introduced. They introduce three successive coloured filter red, blue, and green to scane the picture. Idea was that in the result out put human eye would see original multicoloured.

Unfortunately, this system required too fast a rate of scanning which were not possible in black-and-white receivers would not be able to reproduce the pictures.  Sequential systems therefore came to be described as "noncompatible."

An alternative approach which is compatible with existing black and white recovers known as “simultaneous” system, which would transmit the three primary-colour signals together.

In 1924, Harold McCreary designed a system using cathode-ray tubes as camera speratly to scane each of three primary colour components of picture at receiving end. In each tube,  elecron struck the phosphors coated screen In the result glow of appropriate three primary Colour produced, series of mirrors would then combine these images into one picture.

At that time this was a new idea but not working properly .

In 1929 Herbert Ives and colleagues at Bell Laboratories transmitted 50-line colour television images between New York City and Washington, D.C.; this was a mechanical method, using spinning disks, but one that sent the three primary colour signals simultaneously over three separate circuits.

After World War II, the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) began demonstrating its own sequential color system, designed by Peter Goldmark.  Combining cathode-ray tubes with spinning wheels of red, blue, and green filters, it was impressive enough that's why Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to authorize the Goldmark system for commercial television, but Sarnoff warned against using a "horse-and-buggy" system that was incompatible with monochrome TV.  At the same time, Sarnoff whipped his troops at RCA into developing the first all-electronic compatible color system in 1950.

In this every 1/60 of a second the receiver’s three electron guns painted the entire picture simultaneously with red, green, and blue, left to right, line by line.

And the RCA colour system was compatible with existing black-and-white sets.

In 1952, the National Television Systems Committee (NTSC) was reformed, this time with the purpose of creating an "Industry Color System." Which adopted most of Europe and Japan as well. And after this varity of different colours and system like PAL (phase alternation line) introduce in Germany the United Kingdom, and the rest of Europe had adopted PAL. In France Henri de France developed SECAM Soviet Union adopted SECAM, both these system are based on NTSC system with slitly modifications, These are still the standards of colour television today, despite the arrival of digital television.

With the passage of time different name were given according to modifications of system three colour system then multi coloured and digital television now a days smart television like LCD and LED with high resolution advance futures and systems.

Digital television 

Digital television technology emerged to public view in the 1990s.  In the United States professional action was spurred by a demonstration in 1987 of a new analog high-definition television (HDTV) system by NHK, Japan's public television network.  This incited the FCC to declare an open competition to create American HDTV, and in June 1990 the General Instrument Corporation (GI) surprised the industry by announcing the world's first all-digital television system.  Designed by the Korean-born engineer Woo Paik, the GI system displayed a 1,080-line color picture on a wide-screen receiver and managed to transmit the necessary information for this picture over a conventional television channel.  Heretofore, the main obstacle to producing digital TV had been the problem of bandwidth. 

Within a few months of GI's announcement, both the Zenith Electronics Corporation and the David Sarnoff Research Center (formerly RCA Laboratories) announced their own digital HDTV systems.

In 1993 these and four other TV laboratories formed a "Grand Alliance" to develop marketable HDTV.  In the meantime, an entire range of new possibilities aside from HDTV emerged.  Digital broadcasters could certainly show a high-definition picture over a regular six-megahertz channel, but they might "multicast" instead, transmitting five or six digital standard-definition programs over that same channel.

Indeed, digital transmission made “smart TV” a real possibility, where the home receiver might become a computer in its own right. 

There are varity of smart television like LCD and LED available in market with high resolution advance futures and systems.

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Afghanistan

 

Flag of Afghanistan

15 August 2021 (current form)

State emblem of Afghanistan

(coat of arms adopted 15 Agust 2021)

Introduction of Afghanistan 

Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, status Un member state unrecognised government after tailban taking charge of the country is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia.

Referred to as the Heart of Asia, it is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south, Iran to the west, Turkmenistan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, Tajikistan to the northeast, and China to the northeast and east. Occupying 652,864 square kilometres (252,072 sq mi) of land, the country is predominantly mountainous with plains in the north and the southwest, which are separated by the Hindu Kush mountain range. Kabul is the country's largest city and serves as its capital. As of 2021, Afghanistan's population is 40.2 million (officially estimated to be 32.9 million), composed of ethnic Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Qizilbash, Aimak, Pashayi, Baloch, Pamiris, Nuristanis, and others.

Legislative body of Afghanistan 

The Leadership Council of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, also translated as the Supreme Council, (Pashto: رهبری شُورَىٰ, romanized: Rahbarī Shūrā, also referred to as the Inner Shura) is the central governing body of the Taliban and Afghanistan. The Taliban uses a consensus decision-making model among members of the Leadership Council, though the supreme leader, who chairs the council, has ultimate authority and may override or circumvent it at any time. It played a key role in directing the Taliban insurgency from Quetta, Pakistan, which led to it being informally referred to as the Quetta Shura at the time.

State heads

Government Unitary totalitarian provisional theocratic Islamic emirate.

Supreme Leader of Afghanistan is Hibatullah Akhundzada.

Prime Minister of Afghanistan is

Hasan Akhund (acting). And Chief Justice

Abdul Hakim Ishaqzai.

Capital of Afghanistan 

Kabul is the largest city and capital of Afghanistan.

Currancy of Pakistan

Currancy of Afghanistan is Afgani (افغانی).

Country codes

Caling code +93

Iso code 3166 AF

ISO 3166 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that defines codes for the names of countries, dependent territories, special areas of geographical interest, and their principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states).

National Language of Afghanistan 

National Language of Afghanistan is Pashto (پشتو)، Dari.

Other ethnic regional languages are spoken along with official language like 42% Pashtun, 27% Tajik, 9% Hazara, 9% Uzbek, 4% Aimaq, 3% Turkmen, 2% Baloch, 4% Others etc, are spoken in different areas of the Afghanistan .

Time zone

UTC+04:30 (Time of Afghanistan)(Lunar calendar)

Coordinated Universal Time or UTC is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time.

Date format 

dd.mm.yy.y.y

Driving side

Right drive 

Travel facilities

Transporter vechiels are available in whole Pakistan, trains and domestic air lines are available for some major cities. And boats are available for some water lock areas.

GDP year 2022

Gross Domestic products of the year 2021 is 14.79 US billion dollars.

Relegion

99.7% islam 

0.3% others

Population of Afghanistan 

It is the world's 37th-most populous country, with a population of almost 40.2 million (officially estimated to be 38.34 million, composed of ethnic Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Qizilbash, Aimak, Pashayi, Baloch, Pamiris, Nuristanis, and others.

Map of Afghanistan 

Map of Afghanistan 

Total Area

652,867 km square .

Water % negligible.

Area and boundaries of Afghanistan 

Afghanistan is the 40th-largest country in the world by area and the fifth-largest in South Asia, spanning 652,867 square kilometers (252,073 square miles). 

it is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south, 2627km (1660 miles) known as durand line. Iran to the west 921 km (572miles), Turkmenistan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, Tajikistan to the northeast 1357 km (843 miles), and China to the northeast and east 92km (57 miles) long. Occupying 652,864 square kilometres (252,072 sq mi) of land, the country is predominantly mountainous with plains in the north and the southwest, which are separated by the Hindu Kush mountain range.

Cultural civilization and Heritage

Human habitation in Afghanistan dates back to the Middle Paleolithic era, and the country's strategic location along the historic Silk Road has led it to being described, picturesquely, as the ‘roundabout of the ancient world’. Popularly referred to as the graveyard of empires, the land has historically been home to various peoples and has witnessed numerous military campaigns, including those by the Persians, Alexander the Great, the Maurya Empire, Arab Muslims, the Mongols, the British, the Soviet Union, and most recently by a US-led coalition. Afghanistan also served as the source from which the Greco-Bactrians and the Mughals, amongst others, rose to form major empires. The various conquests and periods in both the Iranian and Indian cultural spheres made the area a center for Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and later Islam throughout history.

National symbols of Afghanistan 

Afghanistan-state owned is known as National of Afghanistan. Some important are given below.

• National flag of Afghanistan having kalma black in colour on white background which represents Islamic Republic and white color represents sighn of peace.
• National language of Afghanistan is Pashto, Dari.
• National emblem of Afghanistan has a mihrab with a minbar within, supporting the Quran, and crowned by the sun.Two swords, two sheaves of wheat and a cogwheel. Inscription of the shahada in Arabic and name of the nation in Pashto: لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله - ١٤١٥,١,١٥هـ ت - د افغانستان اسلامي امارت "There is no god but Allah. Muhammad is the messenger of Allah - 15-1-1415A.H.Q[b] - Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan".
• National motive of Afghanistan لا إله إلا الله، محمد رسول الله  (Lā ʾilāha ʾillāl–lāh, Muhammadun rasūl allāh).
• National anthem of Afghanistan is Afgan national anthem.
• National heros of Afghanistan is Ahmad Shah Durrani.
• National mausoleum of Afghanistan is tomb of Ahmad Shah Durrani.
• National poet of Afghanistan is Rumi.
• National dress of Afghanistan is Afgan clothes (shalwar kameez).
• National mosque of Afghanistan is  Abdul Rahman Mosque, Kabul.
• National mountain of Afghanistan is Mount Noshaq.
• National River of Afghanistan is Kabul river.
• National sport of Afghanistan is Buzkashi.
• National dance of Afgan is Attan.
• National instrument of Afghanistan is Rubab.
• National flower of Afghanistan is Tulip.
• National animal of Afghanistan is snow leopard.
• National dog of Afghanistan is Afgan Hound.
• National bird of Afghanistan is golden Eagle.
• The kabul public library (KPL) is also the only state-owned public library in Kabul and the oldest of the public libraries in Afghanistan.
• National Fruit of Afghanistan is Pomegranate.
• National dish of Afghanistan is Qabuli Palaw.
• National tree of Afghanistan is  Afghan Pine.
• National drink of Afghanistan is traditional Tea .
• National food of Afghanistan is Qabuli palaw.
• Afghanistan National Television is the state-owned television channel in Afghanistan. It is part of the Radio Television Afghanistan (RTA) public broadcaster.
• Communications in Afghanistan is under the control of the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (MCIT).Radio Afghanistan, also known as Radio Kabul or Voice of Sharia, is the public radio station of Afghanistan, owned by Radio Television Afghanistan.
• Afghanistan Railways is the national, state-owned railway company which own three routes and working to expand.
• Ariana Afghan Airlines (ARIANA) is the largest airline in Afghanistan and serves as the country's National Carrier. Founded in 1955
• Afghan Post is the national mail and courier organization of Afghanistan with its headquarters in Kabul.

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TV Terminologies: Important terms to know

There are several words or terminologies that we come across while reading or discussing Televisions (TVs). It becomes especially irritating when you have to buy a TV and you are faced with too many unknown terminologies. To help you with this issue and to make you familiar with these unfamiliar terms, we have prepared a list of TV terminologies.

Smart TV

A TV set with an internal operating system and internet connectivity is called a "Smart TV".

Smart TV, also known as a connected TV, is a traditional television set with integrated Internet and interactive Web 2.0 features, which allows users to stream music and videos, browse the internet, and view photos. Smart TVs are a technological convergence of computers, televisions, and digital media players.

Android TV

Android TV is a smart TV that uses the Android operating system. 

Generally Android TV is a smart TV operating system based on Android and developed by Google for television sets, digital media players, set-top boxes, and soundbars. A successor to Google TV, it features a user interface designed around content discovery and voice search, content aggregation from various media apps and services, and integration with other recent Google technologies such as Assistant, Cast, and Knowledge Graph.

Chromecast

Chromecast built-in is a technology that lets you cast your favorite entertainment and apps from your phone, tablet or laptop right to your TV or speakers.

DTS

DTS stand for Digital Theater Systems. Eventually, the company officially shortened its name to the acronym DTS.

A brief background on the significance of DTS in the evolution of the home theater includes:

DTS was founded in 1993 as a competitor to Dolby Labs in the development of surround sound audio encoding, decoding, and processing technology for cinema and home theater applications.

Home theater is full of monikers and acronyms. When it comes to surround sound, things can get confusing. DTS is one of the most recognizable acronyms in home theater audio. DTS is both a company name and a label used to identify a group of surround sound audio technologies.

DTS is both a company name and a label used to identify a group of surround sound audio technologies.

Transform your favorite shows and movies with the ultra-vivid picture of Dolby Vision and the immersive sound of Dolby Atmos for a premium TV experience.

Aspect ratio

Aspect ratio refers to the width and height ratio of a TV screen and defines the shape of the TV. There are various aspect ratios for TVs and it varies as per the resolution. Certain aspect ratios are suitable for certain resolutions only, designed to offer you the best picture quality without any distortion or stretching, and to prevent any blank space on any side of the picture.

The most common aspect ratio for TVs today is 16:9. When your TV’s content and aspect ratio doesn’t match, black bars appear in the blank space (vertical bars are called pillarboxes and the horizontal bars are called letterboxes). In some TVs, you can solve this problem either by zooming in the picture, cropping the picture, or using a mix of both.

Upscaling

Upscaling basically means stretching an image with a lower resolution to fit on a larger display. In this, the pixels of the image with low resolution are copied and are repeated to fill up the display of a higher resolution. Almost every TV comes with upscaling now. In the case of HD TVs, the upscaling process makes the lower resolution images look bigger and better on the screen by increasing the pixel count.

Bezel

In simple terms, the bezel means the frame around the screen or the structural form that you can see in the front of the TV, except its screen.

Bazel less means boarder less or frame less means very narrow line of frame present in it is almost negligible or tatally absent only screen can be seen.

Contrast Ratio

The contrast ratio in a TV means the ratio between its brightest and darkest settings.

The contrast ratio of a TV can be measured on two bases i.e., native and dynamic contrast ratio. The native contrast ratio, also known as static or on-screen contrast ratio, represents the role of the TV panel while the dynamic contrast ratio involves fluctuating the LED backlights installed on the back of the screen for better contrast.

CRT

CRT or Cathode Ray Tube (also known as picture tube) in CRT TV is a vacuum tube where the images we see on TV are created.

The phosphor-coated or fluorescent screen is scanned by electron beams to form the images. In some version it have only one picture tube and some have three for primary colours called read blue and green.

Ethernet port

The ethernet port of your TV allows you to connect your TV to the internet with the help of a cable.

Frame rate

Frame rate means the speed at which the consecutive image slides are displayed. It is usually expressed as frames per second or fps. Higher the frame rate, the higher the number of frames used and it will mean more bandwidth for streaming the video.

HDMI

HDMI or High-Definition Multimedia Interface is a digital interface that helps in transferring high-definition audio and video signals through a cable. It can be used to transfer a video quality of up to 4k Ultra HD resolution, 3D videos, and multichannel surround sound in high quality.

HDR

HDR or High Dynamic Range is a feature that affects the TV’s contrast ratio and color accuracy and helps make the pictures look more realistic.

KHz

KiloHertz or kHz represents a thousand frequency cycles per second. In simple words, it is a measurement of frequency i.e., the number of times a wave repeats itself in a second. 1 kHz means 1000 times per second. It is also used to measure the signal bandwidth, digital as well as analog. In the case of TVs, higher kHz means better sound quality.

OLED

OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) is a display technology that uses thin organic films between the two electrodes to produce light with the help of electricity. The organic process of creating the images on the screen with the light produced is called electroluminescence, meaning that the display is self-illuminating and does not need any backlight. OLED TV panels are lighter and thinner in comparison to LCD TVs and also help in saving energy.

Over the top services

Over-the-top services or OTT services are streaming services that offer media content directly to the viewers through the internet. These services are provided by bypassing the traditional platforms like broadcast, cable, and satellite TV can be streamed on an internet-connected TV like Smart TV.

Pixelation

Pixelation means stretching of the pixels beyond their original size and it is usually caused due to a weak signal.

Plasma

Plasma is a screen technology that was used in making the first flat display panels for large TVs and was a dominant TV technology just a few years back. A plasma display panel has small cells (like tiny CFLs) which are coated with red, green, or blue phosphorus. The cells also have neon or xenon gas inside them which creates invisible ultraviolet lights. These lights are then converted into the red, green, or blue light that we see on the screen via the light emitted by these cells.

When we compare plasma with LEDs, plasma TVs are better as they have better picture quality and viewing angles. But, it also has many disadvantages, one of them being that it is now outdated technology. Also, the little cells or gas packets behind the panels can cause burn-in on your screen i.e. burn the images in your screen to show them even when your TV is switched off. They are also available only in larger sizes and are not that energy-efficient.

Quantum Dots

Quantum dots can be defined as nanocrystals that absorb light and convert its wavelength. These are used in QLED TVs where they are placed in front of a normal LED backlight in a layer. All these crystals emit individual colors of their own based on their size. Though the light emitted by these quantum dots still goes through the filter, the lights are highly pure that helps in expanding the TV’s color range, and creates more intense and deeper colors. These dots also enhance the light efficiency of the TV and thus produce brighter pictures.

Resolution

Resolution can be defined as the number of pixels or dots that create the pictures that you see on your TV screen. It is denoted as the number of pixels in one horizontal line by the number of pixels present in one vertical line. Higher the number of pixels, the higher the resolution, and the better the picture quality.

There are four resolutions commonly used in TVs these days and each of them has a name as which are 1280×780 (HD), 1920×1080 (Full HD), 3840×2160 (Ultra HD/4k), and 7620×4380 (Ultra HD/8k). TV resolution is usually indicated in two ways, for example, 1080i or 1080p resolution. When you have both the options in front of you, choose the latter one. The “i” means interlaced and the “p” means progressive. The difference between both is that the interlaced videos display every alternate horizontal pixel line while the progressive lines display every horizontal pixel line, making the picture quality of progressive videos better than its counter part.

Refresh Rate

Refresh rate is defined as the number of times your TV screen refreshes itself in a second. It is denoted by Hertz or Hz. A higher refresh rate usually means smoother motion on the screen, but not always. However, the refresh rate should not be confused with the frame rate (fps). Frame rate represents the number of frames displayed on the screen per second. For clear motion and images, make sure that the refresh rate and frame rate of your TV match or in other words are the same, for example, if the refresh rate is 60 Hz, the frame rate should be 60 fps.

Soap Opera Effect

Soap Opera Effect is a visual effect created by most of the TVs by default. It involves creating additional frames in between the already existing ones by motion interpolation process to make the pictures look more crisp and realistic. It shows the content on your screen at a refresh rate that is higher than the original source of the content it is handy just as blur adjustment You can turn it off on in your TV from the settings.

Viewing Angle

Viewing angle means the maximum angle at which you can watch your TV screen comfortably without any color shift or loss of brightness. The ideal position is directly in front of the TV screen and at eye level. As per LCD/ LED TV manufacturers, the best viewing angle for your TV is 88o or more. At this angle, you get clear and well-defined images with the best color accuracy.

UHD

UHD or Ultra High Definition represents a higher resolution for the TV display. UHD TVs come in 4k (3840×2160) and 8k (7620×4380). These resolutions have a higher number of pixels than a normal HD TV. UHD displays are used in larger TVs, so you can enjoy a clearer and crisp image even while sitting relatively closer to the TV.

Upscaling

Upscaling basically means stretching an image with a lower resolution to fit on a larger display. In this, the pixels of the image with low resolution are copied and are repeated to fill up the display of a higher resolution. Almost every TV comes with upscaling now. In the case of HD TVs, the upscaling process makes the lower resolution images look bigger and better on the screen by increasing the pixel count.

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Cathod ray tubes in Televisions

 

William crock and J.J Thomsan discovered electron in 1875. Instrument used in this experiment called Cathod rays tube are gas discharge tube 

it is made up of glass tube. It has two metallic electrodes connected to a source of high voltage electrode connected to negative terminal of battery is called cathode and that connected to positive terminal of battery is called anode flourocent screen is fitted to recorded flourosence or glow. A vacuum pump is connected to tube which decrease pressure inside the tube which allows gas to polarizes when high voltage applied gas inside the tube start ionizing glow produced inside the tube travel from anode towards Cathode these rays are called cathode rays and tube is called cathode tube, latter on during studying properties of these rays scientist realize that these are very small particles instead of rays and these particles named elecron.

These type of Cathod ray tube (CRT) with slightly modifications used in television computer and computer monitor screens.

Televisions working principle are based on CRT

Basic working principle in Televisions are cathode ray tube.

The cathode ray tube (CRT) in a TV is a glass vacuum tube. The inner surface of the screen is coated with tiny phosphor dots that emit light in the three primary colors (red, green, and blue). These phosphor dots glow when struck by an electron beam, resulting in the images we see on screen. The electron beam is a focused stream of electrons pouring off an electrode to which negative voltage is being supplied.

The electrons emitted from the so-called electron gun strike the phosphor dots, causing them to glow. Deflection coils that create magnetic fields are used to enable the electron beam to strike any phosphor dot on the screen.

In LCD and LED TVs instead of Cathod ray tube produce images by using liquid crystals to either transmit or block light.

Differences between LCD and LED TVs are back lighting only basic principle is based on liquid crystal system in both LCDs and LEDs, but in Televisions basic working principle is based on the Cathode ray tube.

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India

 

Flag of India 

State emblem of India 

(coat of arms adopted 26 January 1950) 

Introduction of India 

India (Urdu: انڈیا) officially the Republic of India (ISO: Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area; the most populous country as of June 2023; and from the time of its independence in 15 Agust 1947, the world's most populous democracy.

The founder of India was Ghandi .

India has world's strong standing armed forces. It is a declared nuclear-weapons state, in 13 may 1998. A nuclear scientist Dr 

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam known as the Father of Indian atomic bomb.

India is ranked among the emerging and growth-leading economies, nation.

Legislative body of India

Legislature of the Union, which is called Parliament, consists of the President and two Houses, known as Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and House of the People (Lok Sabha). Each House has to meet within six months of its previous sitting. A joint sitting of two Houses can be held in certain cases.

Members are elected for 5 years through electoral process.

Parliament of India or Bharatiya Sansad

State heads

The prime minister of India (Urdu: وزِیراعظم انڈیا) is the head of government of the Republic of India. Executive authority is vested in the prime minister and his chosen cabinet, despite the president of India serving as the nominal head of executive.

Supreme court of India

The Supreme Court of India (Hindi: भारत का उच्चतम न्यायालय, IAST: Bhārat kā Uccatam Nyāyālay) is the supreme judicial authority and the highest court of the Republic of India. It is the final court of appeal for all civil and criminal cases in India. It also has the power of judicial review. The Supreme Court, which consists of the Chief Justice of India and a maximum of fellow 33 judges, has extensive powers in the form of original, appellate and advisory jurisdictions.

Supreme Court of India 

Emblem of the Supreme Court of India

Capital of India

New Delhi is the capital of India.

Largest city 

Delhi is the most populous and metro politian city in India with a population of over 30 million, followed by Mumbai with a population of over 20 million,

While Mumbai is largest city of India and finical centre.

Currancy of India

Currancy of India is Indian Rupee (₹) (INR).

Country codes

Caling code +91

Internet TLD (Top Level Domain) .in

Iso code 3166 IN

ISO 3166 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that defines codes for the names of countries, dependent territories, special areas of geographical interest, and their principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states).

National Language of India

National Language of India is Hindi ( ہندی ) but most of official work done in English instead of Hindi.

Other ethnic languages are spoken in state level included in Eihgth schedule of Constitution of india,s list the official languages are approximately 22 at state level  like Assamese,  Bengali, Boro, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Kokboro, kLepcha, Mizo, Sikkimese, all the 8th scheduled languages recognise regional languages, (except Sindhi, Kashmiri and Dogri).

Out of these 447 native languages are spoken all over the India.

Time zone

UTC+05:30 (IST)

Coordinated Universal Time or UTC is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time.

IST stand for Indian Standard Time.

DST (Day Saving Time) is not observed.

Day Saving Time is the time in which any country, changes its time officially in any season and revert back in same season again process is repeated through out.

Date format 

dd.mm.y.y.y.y

Driving side

Left drive 

Travel facilities

Transporter vechiels are available in whole India, trains and domestic air lines are available for some major cities. And boats are available for some water lock areas.

GDP year 2023

Gross Domestic products of the year 2023 is 3.737 US trillion dollars, (5th) in the world.

GDP Per capita $2,601, (139th) in the world.

GDP per capita is often considered an indicator of a country's standard of living; however, this is inaccurate because GDP per capita is not a measure of personal income.

Relegion

79.8 % Hinduism

14.2 % islam

2.3 % christainty 

1.7 % Sikhism 

0.7 % Buddhism 

0.4 % Jainism 

0.23 % Unaffiliated 

0.65 % others

Population of India 

It is the world's 1st-most populous country, with a population of almost 1.42 billion people, according to census 2023 and most populous country in the world with one-sixth of the world,s population.

Map of India 

Map of India 

Total Area

3,287,263 km square (1,269,219 square miles) 7th largest country in the world and the total land area as 3,060,500 km2 (1,181,700 sq miles)

Water percentage is 9.6 % .

Area and boundaries of India 

India is the 7th-largest country in the world by area and the 3rd-largest in Asia, spanning 3,287,263 square kilometers (1,269,219 square miles).  

India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia.

New Delhi is the nation's capital, while Mumbai is its largest city and financial center.

Cultural civilization and Heritage

India is the site of several ancient cultures, including the 8,500-year-old it is supposed that Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago. Their long occupation, initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers, has made the region highly diverse, second only to Africa in human genetic diversity. Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago, evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE. By 1200 BCE, an archaic form of Sanskrit, an Indo-European language, had diffused into India from the northwest. Its evidence today is found in the hymns of the Rigveda. Preserved by an oral tradition that was resolutely vigilant, the Rigveda records the dawning of Hinduism in India. The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern and western regions. By 400 BCE, stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism, and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen, proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity. Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin. Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity, but also marked by the declining status of women, and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief. In South India, the Middle kingdoms exported Dravidian-languages scripts and religious cultures to the kingdoms of Southeast Asia.

Indus Valley civilization of the Bronze Age, the most extensive of the civilizations of Afro-Eurasia, and the ancient Gandhara civilization. 

The regions that comprise the modern state of India were the realm of multiple empires and dynasties, including the Achaemenid, the Maurya, the Kushan, the Gupta; the Umayyad Caliphate in its southern regions, the Samma, the Hindu Shahis, the  Shah Miris, the Ghaznavids, the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughals, and most recently, the British Raj from 1858 to 1947.

Thats why rich in hertage and culture.

Gateway of India 

Taj Mahal India

National of India

National symbols of India 

Indian -state owned is known as National of India. Some important are given below.

• The national flag of India, colloquially called Tiraṅgā, is a horizontal rectangular tricolour flag, the colours being of India saffron, white and India green; with the Ashoka Chakra, a 24-spoke wheel, in navy blue at its centre.
• National language of India is Hindi.
• The State emblem is an adaptation from the Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka. In the original, there are four lions, standing back to back, mounted on an abacus with a frieze carrying sculptures in high relief of an elephant, a galloping horse, a bull and a lion separated by intervening wheels over a bell-shaped lotus. Carved out of a single block of polished sandstone, the capital is crowned by the Wheel of the Law (Dharma Chakra).
• National currency of india is Indian Rupees.
• National motive of India "Satyameva Jayate" Sanskrit: "सत्यमेव जयते "("Truth Alone Triumphs")
• National independence day of india 15 Agust 1947.
• National Republic day of india is the day when India marks and celebrates the date on which the Constitution of India came into effect on 26 January 1950.
• National hero of India is Ghandi.
• Gandhi Jayanti is an event celebrated in India to mark the birthday of Mahatma Gandhi. It is celebrated annually on 2 October.
• National calendar of India is Saka calendar.
• National Anthem Jana Gana Mana.
• National song Vande Mataram.
• Oath of Allegiance national Pledge.

• The Indian honours system is the system of awards given to individuals for a variety of services to the Republic of India. The categories of awards are as follows:

Indian civil awards
Bharat Ratna- 1st degree of honour
Padma Vibhushan- 2nd degree of honour
Padma Bhushan- 3rd degree of honour
Padma Shri- 4th degree of honour

• Indian Military awards (Gallantry Awards) are divided below in different categories.

Wartime gallantry awards
Established on 26 January 1950 with retrospective effect from 15 August 1947.
Param Vir Chakra
Mahavir Chakra

Vir Chakra 

Peacetime gallantry awards

Ashoka Chakra

Kirti Chakra
Shaurya Chakra

These awards were instituted on 4 January 1952. These awards were renamed on 27 January 1967 as Ashoka Chakra, Kirti Chakra and Shaurya Chakra from Ashoka Chakra (Class I), Ashoka Chakra (Class II) and Ashoka Chakra (Class III) respectively.

Wartime/peacetime service awards

Sena Medal (Army) Nau Sena Medal (Navy).

Vayu Sena Medal (Air Force)

Wartime distinguished awards Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal

Uttam Yudh Seva Medal

Yudh Seva Medal

Peacetime distinguished awards Param Vishisht Seva Medal

Ati Vishisht Seva Medal

Vishisht Seva Medal

They were established on January 26, 1960

The first 3 awards in the  main Gallantary awards category that came into existence after independence are- Param Vir Chakra, Maha Vir Chakra, Vir Chakra.These awards are conferred twice a year- on Republic Day and Independence Day.The other 3 gallantry awards were introduced in 1952- Ashok Chakra Class I, Ashok Chakra Class II, Ashok Chakra Class III. Later, they were named as Ashok Chakra, Kirti Chakra and Shaurya Chakra.The gallantry Awards have a certain selection process for the recipients.

• National mausoleum of India is An immense mausoleum of white marble, built in Agra between 1631 and 1648 by order of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his favourite wife, the Taj Mahal is the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage.
• India  don’t have a singular national poet but we do award certain exceptional people as Rashtriya Kavi aka Poet of India. However, the first person that comes to mind is Rabindranath Tagore who wrote the national anthem ( Jana Gana mana )
• Father of atomic bomb scientist of India is Dr. Abdul Salaam.
• National dress of India is Dhoti, and saari is the national dress of India.
• National colure of india is not specified, but mostly orange is use.
• Jama Masjid of Delhi most probably known as national mosque, Jama Masjid also spelled Jāmiʿ Masjid, Jama Masjid of Delhi also called Masjid-i Jahān Numā, mosque in Old Delhi, India.
• National mountain of India is Kamchenjunga height is 8586. meter.
• National River of India is Ganga river.
• National aquatc animal of India is Ganges River Dolphin.
• National sport of India is Hockey.
• National flower of India is Lotus.
• National animal of India is Royal Bengal Tiger.
• National heritage animal Indian Elephant.
• National bird is Indian Peacock (Moore).
• National reptile of India is king Cobra snake.
• National library of India is the National library Kolkata.
• National Fruit of India is Mango.
• National vegetable of India is Pumpkin.
• National tree India Banyan tree.
• National drink of India is Tea (chai) .
• National food of Indian is Khichdi.
• Doordarshan (abbreviated as DD; lit. 'distant vision, television') is an Indian public service broadcaster founded by the Government of India, owned by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting and one of Prasar Bharati's two divisions.
• All india Radio or Akashvani (literary meaning "Voice from the Sky"), also known as All India Radio (AIR), is the national public radio broadcaster of India and is a division of Prasar Bharati. It was established in 1936. It is the sister service of Prasar Bharati's Doordarshan, an Indian television broadcaster.
• Indian National telecommunication is TCIL, a prime engineering and consultancy company, is a wholly owned Government of India Public Sector Enterprise under the administrative control of the Department of Telecommunications (DOT), Ministry of Communications, Government of India. TCIL was set up in 1978 for providing Indian telecom expertise in all fields of telecom, Civil and IT to developing countries around the world. 
• National steel mill of india is indian steel mill works under the ministry of steel india.
• Indian National Railway is known as Indian Railways (IR) is a statutory body under the ownership of the Ministry of Railways, Government of India that operates India's national railway system. It manages the fourth largest national railway system in the world by size, with a total route length of 68,043 km (42,280 mi), running track length of 102,831 km (63,896 mi) and track length of 128,305 km (79,725 mi) as of 31 March 2022, and 58,812 km (36,544 mi) of all the gauge routes are electrified with 25 kV 50 Hz AC electric traction as of 1 April 2023.
• Rail Bhawan is the headquarters of the Indian Railways. It is located at Raisina Road, New Delhi, near the Sansad Bhavan (Parliament House).
• Indian Railways (reporting mark) (Urdu: انڈین رلویز) is In Indian, wagons owned by the Indian Railways are marked with codes of two to four letters, these codes normally being the initials of the railway divisions concerned along with the Hindi abbreviation; for example, trains of the Western Railway zone are marked "WR" and "प रे"; those of the Central Railway zone are marked "CR" and "मध्य", etc. The codes are agreed between the railways and registered with the Ministry of Railways, Government of India.
• National Air line of India is Air India (AI) is the flag carrier airline of India, headquartered at New Delhi.
• India Post is a government-operated postal system in India, and is the trade name of the Department of Post under the Ministry of Communications. Generally known as the Post Office, it is the most widely distributed postal system in the world. Warren Hastings had taken initiative under East India Company to start the Postal Service in the country in 1766. It was initially established under the name "Company Mail". It was later modified into a service under the Crown in 1854 by Lord Dalhousie. Dalhousie introduced uniform postage rates (universal service) and helped to pass the India Post Office Act 1854 which significantly improved upon 1837 Post Office act which had introduced regular post offices in India. It created the position Director General of Post for the whole country.

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