India

 

Flag of India 

State emblem of India 

(coat of arms adopted 26 January 1950) 

Introduction of India 

India (Urdu: انڈیا) officially the Republic of India (ISO: Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area; the most populous country as of June 2023; and from the time of its independence in 15 Agust 1947, the world's most populous democracy.

The founder of India was Ghandi .

India has world's strong standing armed forces. It is a declared nuclear-weapons state, in 13 may 1998. A nuclear scientist Dr 

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam known as the Father of Indian atomic bomb.

India is ranked among the emerging and growth-leading economies, nation.

Legislative body of India

Legislature of the Union, which is called Parliament, consists of the President and two Houses, known as Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and House of the People (Lok Sabha). Each House has to meet within six months of its previous sitting. A joint sitting of two Houses can be held in certain cases.

Members are elected for 5 years through electoral process.

Parliament of India or Bharatiya Sansad

State heads

The prime minister of India (Urdu: وزِیراعظم انڈیا) is the head of government of the Republic of India. Executive authority is vested in the prime minister and his chosen cabinet, despite the president of India serving as the nominal head of executive.

Supreme court of India

The Supreme Court of India (Hindi: भारत का उच्चतम न्यायालय, IAST: Bhārat kā Uccatam Nyāyālay) is the supreme judicial authority and the highest court of the Republic of India. It is the final court of appeal for all civil and criminal cases in India. It also has the power of judicial review. The Supreme Court, which consists of the Chief Justice of India and a maximum of fellow 33 judges, has extensive powers in the form of original, appellate and advisory jurisdictions.

Supreme Court of India 

Emblem of the Supreme Court of India

Capital of India

New Delhi is the capital of India.

Largest city 

Delhi is the most populous and metro politian city in India with a population of over 30 million, followed by Mumbai with a population of over 20 million,

While Mumbai is largest city of India and finical centre.

Currancy of India

Currancy of India is Indian Rupee (₹) (INR).

Country codes

Caling code +91

Internet TLD (Top Level Domain) .in

Iso code 3166 IN

ISO 3166 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that defines codes for the names of countries, dependent territories, special areas of geographical interest, and their principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states).

National Language of India

National Language of India is Hindi ( ہندی ) but most of official work done in English instead of Hindi.

Other ethnic languages are spoken in state level included in Eihgth schedule of Constitution of india,s list the official languages are approximately 22 at state level  like Assamese,  Bengali, Boro, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Kokboro, kLepcha, Mizo, Sikkimese, all the 8th scheduled languages recognise regional languages, (except Sindhi, Kashmiri and Dogri).

Out of these 447 native languages are spoken all over the India.

Time zone

UTC+05:30 (IST)

Coordinated Universal Time or UTC is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time.

IST stand for Indian Standard Time.

DST (Day Saving Time) is not observed.

Day Saving Time is the time in which any country, changes its time officially in any season and revert back in same season again process is repeated through out.

Date format 

dd.mm.y.y.y.y

Driving side

Left drive 

Travel facilities

Transporter vechiels are available in whole India, trains and domestic air lines are available for some major cities. And boats are available for some water lock areas.

GDP year 2023

Gross Domestic products of the year 2023 is 3.737 US trillion dollars, (5th) in the world.

GDP Per capita $2,601, (139th) in the world.

GDP per capita is often considered an indicator of a country's standard of living; however, this is inaccurate because GDP per capita is not a measure of personal income.

Relegion

79.8 % Hinduism

14.2 % islam

2.3 % christainty 

1.7 % Sikhism 

0.7 % Buddhism 

0.4 % Jainism 

0.23 % Unaffiliated 

0.65 % others

Population of India 

It is the world's 1st-most populous country, with a population of almost 1.42 billion people, according to census 2023 and most populous country in the world with one-sixth of the world,s population.

Map of India 

Map of India 

Total Area

3,287,263 km square (1,269,219 square miles) 7th largest country in the world and the total land area as 3,060,500 km2 (1,181,700 sq miles)

Water percentage is 9.6 % .

Area and boundaries of India 

India is the 7th-largest country in the world by area and the 3rd-largest in Asia, spanning 3,287,263 square kilometers (1,269,219 square miles).  

India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia.

New Delhi is the nation's capital, while Mumbai is its largest city and financial center.

Cultural civilization and Heritage

India is the site of several ancient cultures, including the 8,500-year-old it is supposed that Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago. Their long occupation, initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers, has made the region highly diverse, second only to Africa in human genetic diversity. Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago, evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE. By 1200 BCE, an archaic form of Sanskrit, an Indo-European language, had diffused into India from the northwest. Its evidence today is found in the hymns of the Rigveda. Preserved by an oral tradition that was resolutely vigilant, the Rigveda records the dawning of Hinduism in India. The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern and western regions. By 400 BCE, stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism, and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen, proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity. Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin. Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity, but also marked by the declining status of women, and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief. In South India, the Middle kingdoms exported Dravidian-languages scripts and religious cultures to the kingdoms of Southeast Asia.

Indus Valley civilization of the Bronze Age, the most extensive of the civilizations of Afro-Eurasia, and the ancient Gandhara civilization. 

The regions that comprise the modern state of India were the realm of multiple empires and dynasties, including the Achaemenid, the Maurya, the Kushan, the Gupta; the Umayyad Caliphate in its southern regions, the Samma, the Hindu Shahis, the  Shah Miris, the Ghaznavids, the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughals, and most recently, the British Raj from 1858 to 1947.

Thats why rich in hertage and culture.

Gateway of India 

Taj Mahal India

National of India

National symbols of India 

Indian -state owned is known as National of India. Some important are given below.

• The national flag of India, colloquially called Tiraṅgā, is a horizontal rectangular tricolour flag, the colours being of India saffron, white and India green; with the Ashoka Chakra, a 24-spoke wheel, in navy blue at its centre.
• National language of India is Hindi.
• The State emblem is an adaptation from the Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka. In the original, there are four lions, standing back to back, mounted on an abacus with a frieze carrying sculptures in high relief of an elephant, a galloping horse, a bull and a lion separated by intervening wheels over a bell-shaped lotus. Carved out of a single block of polished sandstone, the capital is crowned by the Wheel of the Law (Dharma Chakra).
• National currency of india is Indian Rupees.
• National motive of India "Satyameva Jayate" Sanskrit: "सत्यमेव जयते "("Truth Alone Triumphs")
• National independence day of india 15 Agust 1947.
• National Republic day of india is the day when India marks and celebrates the date on which the Constitution of India came into effect on 26 January 1950.
• National hero of India is Ghandi.
• Gandhi Jayanti is an event celebrated in India to mark the birthday of Mahatma Gandhi. It is celebrated annually on 2 October.
• National calendar of India is Saka calendar.
• National Anthem Jana Gana Mana.
• National song Vande Mataram.
• Oath of Allegiance national Pledge.

• The Indian honours system is the system of awards given to individuals for a variety of services to the Republic of India. The categories of awards are as follows:

Indian civil awards
Bharat Ratna- 1st degree of honour
Padma Vibhushan- 2nd degree of honour
Padma Bhushan- 3rd degree of honour
Padma Shri- 4th degree of honour

• Indian Military awards (Gallantry Awards) are divided below in different categories.

Wartime gallantry awards
Established on 26 January 1950 with retrospective effect from 15 August 1947.
Param Vir Chakra
Mahavir Chakra

Vir Chakra 

Peacetime gallantry awards

Ashoka Chakra

Kirti Chakra
Shaurya Chakra

These awards were instituted on 4 January 1952. These awards were renamed on 27 January 1967 as Ashoka Chakra, Kirti Chakra and Shaurya Chakra from Ashoka Chakra (Class I), Ashoka Chakra (Class II) and Ashoka Chakra (Class III) respectively.

Wartime/peacetime service awards

Sena Medal (Army) Nau Sena Medal (Navy).

Vayu Sena Medal (Air Force)

Wartime distinguished awards Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal

Uttam Yudh Seva Medal

Yudh Seva Medal

Peacetime distinguished awards Param Vishisht Seva Medal

Ati Vishisht Seva Medal

Vishisht Seva Medal

They were established on January 26, 1960

The first 3 awards in the  main Gallantary awards category that came into existence after independence are- Param Vir Chakra, Maha Vir Chakra, Vir Chakra.These awards are conferred twice a year- on Republic Day and Independence Day.The other 3 gallantry awards were introduced in 1952- Ashok Chakra Class I, Ashok Chakra Class II, Ashok Chakra Class III. Later, they were named as Ashok Chakra, Kirti Chakra and Shaurya Chakra.The gallantry Awards have a certain selection process for the recipients.

• National mausoleum of India is An immense mausoleum of white marble, built in Agra between 1631 and 1648 by order of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his favourite wife, the Taj Mahal is the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage.
• India  don’t have a singular national poet but we do award certain exceptional people as Rashtriya Kavi aka Poet of India. However, the first person that comes to mind is Rabindranath Tagore who wrote the national anthem ( Jana Gana mana )
• Father of atomic bomb scientist of India is Dr. Abdul Salaam.
• National dress of India is Dhoti, and saari is the national dress of India.
• National colure of india is not specified, but mostly orange is use.
• Jama Masjid of Delhi most probably known as national mosque, Jama Masjid also spelled Jāmiʿ Masjid, Jama Masjid of Delhi also called Masjid-i Jahān Numā, mosque in Old Delhi, India.
• National mountain of India is Kamchenjunga height is 8586. meter.
• National River of India is Ganga river.
• National aquatc animal of India is Ganges River Dolphin.
• National sport of India is Hockey.
• National flower of India is Lotus.
• National animal of India is Royal Bengal Tiger.
• National heritage animal Indian Elephant.
• National bird is Indian Peacock (Moore).
• National reptile of India is king Cobra snake.
• National library of India is the National library Kolkata.
• National Fruit of India is Mango.
• National vegetable of India is Pumpkin.
• National tree India Banyan tree.
• National drink of India is Tea (chai) .
• National food of Indian is Khichdi.
• Doordarshan (abbreviated as DD; lit. 'distant vision, television') is an Indian public service broadcaster founded by the Government of India, owned by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting and one of Prasar Bharati's two divisions.
• All india Radio or Akashvani (literary meaning "Voice from the Sky"), also known as All India Radio (AIR), is the national public radio broadcaster of India and is a division of Prasar Bharati. It was established in 1936. It is the sister service of Prasar Bharati's Doordarshan, an Indian television broadcaster.
• Indian National telecommunication is TCIL, a prime engineering and consultancy company, is a wholly owned Government of India Public Sector Enterprise under the administrative control of the Department of Telecommunications (DOT), Ministry of Communications, Government of India. TCIL was set up in 1978 for providing Indian telecom expertise in all fields of telecom, Civil and IT to developing countries around the world. 
• National steel mill of india is indian steel mill works under the ministry of steel india.
• Indian National Railway is known as Indian Railways (IR) is a statutory body under the ownership of the Ministry of Railways, Government of India that operates India's national railway system. It manages the fourth largest national railway system in the world by size, with a total route length of 68,043 km (42,280 mi), running track length of 102,831 km (63,896 mi) and track length of 128,305 km (79,725 mi) as of 31 March 2022, and 58,812 km (36,544 mi) of all the gauge routes are electrified with 25 kV 50 Hz AC electric traction as of 1 April 2023.
• Rail Bhawan is the headquarters of the Indian Railways. It is located at Raisina Road, New Delhi, near the Sansad Bhavan (Parliament House).
• Indian Railways (reporting mark) (Urdu: انڈین رلویز) is In Indian, wagons owned by the Indian Railways are marked with codes of two to four letters, these codes normally being the initials of the railway divisions concerned along with the Hindi abbreviation; for example, trains of the Western Railway zone are marked "WR" and "प रे"; those of the Central Railway zone are marked "CR" and "मध्य", etc. The codes are agreed between the railways and registered with the Ministry of Railways, Government of India.
• National Air line of India is Air India (AI) is the flag carrier airline of India, headquartered at New Delhi.
• India Post is a government-operated postal system in India, and is the trade name of the Department of Post under the Ministry of Communications. Generally known as the Post Office, it is the most widely distributed postal system in the world. Warren Hastings had taken initiative under East India Company to start the Postal Service in the country in 1766. It was initially established under the name "Company Mail". It was later modified into a service under the Crown in 1854 by Lord Dalhousie. Dalhousie introduced uniform postage rates (universal service) and helped to pass the India Post Office Act 1854 which significantly improved upon 1837 Post Office act which had introduced regular post offices in India. It created the position Director General of Post for the whole country.

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Cultured meat (Lab grown meat)

Cultured meat (also known by other names like lab grown meat , artificial meat is occasionally used) is meat produced by culturing animal cells in vitro. It is a form of cellular agriculture.

Lab-grown meat or Cultured meat is a genetically engineered product that uses biotechnology. 

Cultured meat is produced using tissue engineering techniques pioneered in regenerative medicine. Jason Matheny popularized the concept in the early 2000s after he co-authored a paper on cultured meat production and created New Harvest, the world's first nonprofit organization dedicated to in-vitro meat research.

Cultured meat has the potential to address the environmental impact of meat production, animal welfare, food security and human health, in addition to its potential mitigation of climate change.

In 2013, Mark Post created a hamburger patty made from tissue grown outside of an animal. Since then, other cultured meat prototypes have gained media attention: SuperMeat opened a farm-to-fork restaurant called "The Chicken" in Tel Aviv to test consumer reaction to its "Chicken" burger, while the "world's first commercial sale of cell-cultured meat" occurred in December 2020 at Singapore restaurant 1880, where cultured meat manufactured by US firm Eat Just was sold.

While most efforts focus on common meats such as pork, beef, and chicken which constitute the bulk of consumption in developed countries, companies such as Orbillion Bio focused on high end or unusual meats including elk, lamb, bison, and Wagyu beef. Avant Meats brought cultured grouper to market in 2021, while other companies have pursued different species of fish and other seafood.

The production process is constantly evolving, driven by companies and research institutions. The applications for cultured meat led to ethical, health, environmental, cultural, and economic discussions. Data published by the non-governmental organization Good Food Institute found that in 2021 cultivated meat companies attracted $140 million in Europe. Cultured meat is mass-produced in Israel. The first restaurant to serve cultured meat opened in Singapore in 2021.

Nomenclature 

Besides cultured meat, the terms healthy meat, slaughter-free meat, in vitro meat, vat-grown meat, lab-grown meat,cell-based meat, clean meat, cultivated meat and synthetic meat have been used to describe the product. Artificial meat is occasionally used, although that specific term has multiple definitions.

Why was need felt for cultured meat

70 billion land animals, and possibly trillions of marine animals, are killed for human consumption each year. A majority of these animals are raised in factory farms, where they experience brutal forms of abuse in severely overcrowded and putrid conditions for the entirety of their short lives.

Major meat producers often defend factory farming as the most efficient way to meet the global demand for meat. But evidence shows that these facilities are disastrous for the environment, nearby communities, consumer health, and animal welfare.

It shouldn’t have to be this way. It's time to fix our broken food system. It's time to look for alternatives. Lab-grown meat could hold the key.

bs are only involved now, in order to support ongoing research and development. Once they begin to produce at scale, lab-grown meat companies will swap out laboratories for facilities that resemble microbreweries—a far cry from the industrial farms that profit off of the horrific exploitation, abuse, and slaughter of sentient .

Environmental effects 

The scientific research is clear: factory farming is an environmental disaster. The industrial farming of animals is a major driver of climate change, deforestation, air and water pollution, and other planetary hazards.

Industrial livestock systems – particularly cattle farms – are responsible for the emission of huge quantities of greenhouse gases like CO₂ and methane. But growing meat from cells can have a similar – and sometimes even worse – environmental footprint.

How is lab grown meat made

Instead of killing animals for their meat, the process of making lab-grown meat starts with the careful removal of a small number of muscle cells from a living animal, typically using local anesthesia to provide relief from pain. The animal will experience a momentary twinge of discomfort, not unlike the feeling of getting a routine blood test at the doctor’s office. This process is much less harmful than the lifetime of pain and terror animals experience leading up to their horrific final moments at the slaughter house.

Lab grown meat has the exact same animal cells as what we traditionally consider “meat”—the flesh of an animal. The difference has to do with how it gets to your plate: lab-grown meat comes from cells harvested from a living animal, while conventional meat comes from an animal that’s raised and killed for human consumption.

Then, a lab technician places the harvested cells in bioreactors before adding them to a bath of nutrients. The cells grow and multiply, producing real muscle tissue, which scientists then shape into edible “scaffoldings.” Using these scaffoldings, they can transform lab-grown cells into steak, chicken nuggets, hamburger patties, or salmon sashimi. The final product is a real cut of meat, ready to be marinated, breaded, grilled, baked, or fried—no animal slaughter required.

First public trial 

The first cultured beef burger patty was created by Mark Post at Maastricht University in 2013.[54] It was made from over 20,000 thin strands of muscle tissue, cost over $300,000 and needed 2 years to produce.

The burger was tested on live television in London on 5 August 2013. It was cooked by chef Richard McGeown of Couch's Great House Restaurant, Polperro, Cornwall, and tasted by critics Hanni Rützler, a food researcher from the Future Food Studio, and Josh Schonwald. Rützler stated, "There is really a bite to it, there is quite some flavour with the browning. I know there is no fat in it so I didn't really know how juicy it would be, but there is quite some intense taste; it's close to meat, it's not that juicy, but the consistency is perfect. This is meat to me... It's really something to bite on and I think the look is quite similar." Rützler added that even in a blind trial she would have taken the product for meat rather than a soya copy.

Lab grown meat effects

Some scientists and their research shows some concerns about Meat produced from cultured cells could be 25 times worse for the climate than regular beef unless scientists find ways to overhaul energy-intensive steps in its production.

Some researchers speculate that depending on the efficiency of the production process, the rise of the cultured meat industry could actually make climate change worse than traditional beef production. One issue is the longer lasting impact of carbon pollution versus methane gas pollution.

"Lab meat doesn't solve anything from an environmental perspective, since the energy emissions are so high," said Marco Springmann, a senior environmental researcher at the University of Oxford.

Some lab-grown meat contains an animal by-product known as fetal bovine serum (FBS). Slaughterhouses obtain fetal bovine serum by collecting blood from the unborn calves of pregnant cows after they’re killed. San Francisco-based lab-grown meat producer Eat Just uses a “very low level” of the serum in its chicken, which is the first lab-grown meat product to hit the market.

However, companies are quickly pivoting to find alternatives to FBS. In response to ethical concerns about using a slaughter house by product in the otherwise lab-grown meat, Dutch startup Mosa Meat revealed this year that it had successfully eliminated FBS from its process. Eat Just is also developing an animal-free alternative to fetal bovine serum.

Scientists are working for try to make lab grown meat more healthy which full fill nutritions requirements with in  low cast.

History

The theoretical possibility of growing meat in an industrial setting has long been of interest. In a 1931 essay published by various periodicals and later included in his work Thoughts and Adventures, British statesman Winston Churchill wrote: "We shall escape the absurdity of growing a whole chicken to eat the breast or wing, by growing these parts separately under a suitable medium."

Initial research 

In the 1950s, Dutch researcher Willem van Eelen independently came up with the idea for cultured meat. As a prisoner of war during the Second World War, Van Eelen suffered from starvation, leaving him passionate about food production and food security. He attended a university lecture discussing the prospects of preserved meat. The earlier discovery of cell lines provided the basis for the idea.

Vitro cultivation of first muscle fibers 

In vitro cultivation of muscle fibers was first performed successfully in 1971 when pathologist Russel Ross cultured guinea-pig aorta.

Tissue engineering 

In 1991, Jon F. Vein secured patent US 6835390 for the production of tissue-engineered meat for human consumption, wherein muscle and fat would be grown in an integrated fashion to create food products.

Cultured meat production 

In 2001, dermatologist Wiete Westerhof along with van Eelen and businessperson Willem van Kooten announced that they had filed for a worldwide patent on a process to produce cultured meat.[43] The process employed a matrix of collagen seeded with muscle cells bathed in a nutritious solution and induced to divide.

That same year, NASA began conducting cultured meat experiments, with the intent of allowing astronauts to grow meat instead of transporting it. In partnership with Morris Benjaminson, they cultivated goldfish and turkey.

In 2003, Oron Catts and Ionat Zurr exhibited a few centimeters of "steak", grown from frog stem cells, which they cooked and ate. The goal was to start a conversation surrounding the ethics of cultured meat—"was it ever alive?", "was it ever killed?", "is it in any way disrespectful to an animal to throw it away?"

In the early 2000s, American public health student Jason Matheny traveled to India and visited a factory chicken farm. He was appalled by the implications of this system. Matheny later teamed up with three scientists involved in NASA's efforts. In 2004, Matheny founded New Harvest to encourage development by funding research. In 2005 the four published the first peer-reviewed literature on the subject.

In 2008, PETA offered a $1 million prize to the first company to bring cultured chicken meat to consumers by 2012. The contestant was required to complete two tasks to earn the prize:

- produce a cultured chicken meat product that was indistinguishable from real chicken and

- produce the product in large enough quantities to be competitively sold in at least 10 states.

The contest was later extended until 4 March 2014. The deadline eventually expired without a winner.

In 2008, the Dutch government invested $4 million into experiments regarding cultured meat. The In Vitro Meat Consortium, a group formed by international researchers, held the first international conference hosted by the Food Research Institute of Norway in April. Time magazine declared cultured meat production to be one of the 50 break through ideas of 2009. In November 2009, scientists from the Netherlands announced they had managed to grow meat using cells from a live pig.

First public trial

The first cultured beef burger patty was created by Mark Post at Maastricht University in 2013. It was made from over 20,000 thin strands of muscle tissue, cost over $300,000 and needed 2 years to produce.

Industrial development

Between 2011 and 2017, many cultured meat startups were launched. Memphis Meats (now Upside Foods[58]) launched a video in February 2016, showcasing its cultured beef meatball. In March 2017, it showcased chicken tenders and duck a l'orange, the first cultured poultry shown to the public.

An Israeli company, SuperMeat, ran a crowdfunding campaign in 2016, for its work on cultured chicken.

Finless Foods, a San Francisco-based company working on cultured fish, was founded in June 2016. In March 2017 it commenced laboratory operations.

In March 2018, Eat Just (in 2011 founded as Hampton Creek in San Francisco, later known as Just, Inc.) claimed to be able to offer a consumer product from cultured meat by the end of 2018. According to CEO Josh Tetrick the technology was already there. JUST had about 130 employees and a research department of 55 scientists, where cultured meat from poultry, pork and beef was researched. JUST has received investments from Chinese billionaire Li Ka-shing, Yahoo! co-founder Jerry Yang and according to Tetrick also by Heineken International and others.

On 27 April 2022, the European Commission approved the request for the collection of signatures for the European Citizens' Initiative End The Slaughter Age to shift subsidies from animal husbandry to cellular agriculture.

Market entry

European Union 

In the European Union, novel foods such as cultured meat products have to go through a testing period of about 18 months during which a company must prove to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) that their product is safe. In March 2022, cultured meat producers had reached the level of attempting to gain regulatory approval from European Union supranational institutions coming just before mass goods could be sold to consumers. By February 2023, none had yet submitted a novel food dossier for approval by the EFSA. Legal experts explained this as having to do with the fact that, although the EFSA's novel food procedure has been well-established since 1997 (unlike in other jurisdictions, that still have or had to develop certain regulatory standards), it is a long and complicated process in which companies can have little imput once they have submitted their request, unlike cultured meat startups in the United States (who could easily communicate back and forth with the FDA to clarify any issues), and in the UK, Singapore and Israel (where governments have implemented a 'single point of contact' responsible for the overall process).

Israel

In November 2020, SuperMeat opened a 'test restaurant' in Ness Ziona, Israel, right next to its pilot plant; journalists, experts and a small number of consumers could book an appointment to taste the novel food there, while looking through a glass window into the production facility on the other side. The restaurant was not yet fully open to the public, because as of June 2021 SuperMeat still needed to wait for regulatory approval to start mass production for public consumption, and because the COVID-19 pandemic restricted restaurant operations. By February 2023, Israeli authorities had established a regulatory structure similar to that of Singapore, and shown a general willingness to work towards approval (as well as financing research for cultivated food innovation), but were still in the process of developing safety regulations in consultations with researchers and other experts. For example, the Israeli Health Ministry and UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) co-organised a convention of cultivated food safety regulation experts in September 2022.

Singapore

On 2 December 2020, the Singapore Food Agency approved the "chicken bites" produced by Eat Just for commercial sale. It marked the first time that a cultured meat product passed the safety review (which took 2 years) of a food regulator, and was widely regarded as a milestone for the industry. The chicken bits were scheduled for introduction in Singaporean restaurants. Restaurant "1880" became the first to serve cultured meat to customers on Saturday 19 December 2020. In January 2023, the SFA also granted regulatory approval for the production of cultured meat with serum-free media to Eat Just' subsidiary GOOD Meat, which had introduced its clean chicken product in several more Singaporese restaurants as well as hawker centres and food delivery services since 2020, and was constructing the bioreactors for its new facility in Singapore. This world-first approval was said to be a milestone in making cultivated meat production more scalable and efficient.

United States

In May 2022, Finless Foods launched pokè-style plant-based tuna product at National Restaurant Association's Show, with availability at restaurants and foodservice operators across the United States. In November 2022, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) completed the pre-market consultation of Upside Foods (formerly Memphis Meats), concluding that its products were safe to eat, a first for cultivated meat companies in the United States.[99] Only the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) still had to finalise the labelling and inspection process; as of April 2023, this last hurdle to U.S. market entry was expected to be overcome somewhere in 2023.

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Afghanistan

 

Flag of Afghanistan

15 August 2021 (current form)

State emblem of Afghanistan

(coat of arms adopted 15 Agust 2021)

Introduction of Afghanistan 

Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, status Un member state unrecognised government after tailban taking charge of the country is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia.

Referred to as the Heart of Asia, it is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south, Iran to the west, Turkmenistan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, Tajikistan to the northeast, and China to the northeast and east. Occupying 652,864 square kilometres (252,072 sq mi) of land, the country is predominantly mountainous with plains in the north and the southwest, which are separated by the Hindu Kush mountain range. Kabul is the country's largest city and serves as its capital. As of 2021, Afghanistan's population is 40.2 million (officially estimated to be 32.9 million), composed of ethnic Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Qizilbash, Aimak, Pashayi, Baloch, Pamiris, Nuristanis, and others.

Legislative body of Afghanistan 

The Leadership Council of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, also translated as the Supreme Council, (Pashto: رهبری شُورَىٰ, romanized: Rahbarī Shūrā, also referred to as the Inner Shura) is the central governing body of the Taliban and Afghanistan. The Taliban uses a consensus decision-making model among members of the Leadership Council, though the supreme leader, who chairs the council, has ultimate authority and may override or circumvent it at any time. It played a key role in directing the Taliban insurgency from Quetta, Pakistan, which led to it being informally referred to as the Quetta Shura at the time.

State heads

Government Unitary totalitarian provisional theocratic Islamic emirate.

Supreme Leader of Afghanistan is Hibatullah Akhundzada.

Prime Minister of Afghanistan is

Hasan Akhund (acting). And Chief Justice

Abdul Hakim Ishaqzai.

Capital of Afghanistan 

Kabul is the largest city and capital of Afghanistan.

Currancy of Pakistan

Currancy of Afghanistan is Afgani (افغانی).

Country codes

Caling code +93

Iso code 3166 AF

ISO 3166 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that defines codes for the names of countries, dependent territories, special areas of geographical interest, and their principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states).

National Language of Afghanistan 

National Language of Afghanistan is Pashto (پشتو)، Dari.

Other ethnic regional languages are spoken along with official language like 42% Pashtun, 27% Tajik, 9% Hazara, 9% Uzbek, 4% Aimaq, 3% Turkmen, 2% Baloch, 4% Others etc, are spoken in different areas of the Afghanistan .

Time zone

UTC+04:30 (Time of Afghanistan)(Lunar calendar)

Coordinated Universal Time or UTC is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time.

Date format 

dd.mm.yy.y.y

Driving side

Right drive 

Travel facilities

Transporter vechiels are available in whole Pakistan, trains and domestic air lines are available for some major cities. And boats are available for some water lock areas.

GDP year 2022

Gross Domestic products of the year 2021 is 14.79 US billion dollars.

Relegion

99.7% islam 

0.3% others

Population of Afghanistan 

It is the world's 37th-most populous country, with a population of almost 40.2 million (officially estimated to be 38.34 million, composed of ethnic Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Qizilbash, Aimak, Pashayi, Baloch, Pamiris, Nuristanis, and others.

Map of Afghanistan 

Map of Afghanistan 

Total Area

652,867 km square .

Water % negligible.

Area and boundaries of Afghanistan 

Afghanistan is the 40th-largest country in the world by area and the fifth-largest in South Asia, spanning 652,867 square kilometers (252,073 square miles). 

it is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south, 2627km (1660 miles) known as durand line. Iran to the west 921 km (572miles), Turkmenistan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, Tajikistan to the northeast 1357 km (843 miles), and China to the northeast and east 92km (57 miles) long. Occupying 652,864 square kilometres (252,072 sq mi) of land, the country is predominantly mountainous with plains in the north and the southwest, which are separated by the Hindu Kush mountain range.

Cultural civilization and Heritage

Human habitation in Afghanistan dates back to the Middle Paleolithic era, and the country's strategic location along the historic Silk Road has led it to being described, picturesquely, as the ‘roundabout of the ancient world’. Popularly referred to as the graveyard of empires, the land has historically been home to various peoples and has witnessed numerous military campaigns, including those by the Persians, Alexander the Great, the Maurya Empire, Arab Muslims, the Mongols, the British, the Soviet Union, and most recently by a US-led coalition. Afghanistan also served as the source from which the Greco-Bactrians and the Mughals, amongst others, rose to form major empires. The various conquests and periods in both the Iranian and Indian cultural spheres made the area a center for Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and later Islam throughout history.

National symbols of Afghanistan 

Afghanistan-state owned is known as National of Afghanistan. Some important are given below.

• National flag of Afghanistan having kalma black in colour on white background which represents Islamic Republic and white color represents sighn of peace.
• National language of Afghanistan is Pashto, Dari.
• National emblem of Afghanistan has a mihrab with a minbar within, supporting the Quran, and crowned by the sun.Two swords, two sheaves of wheat and a cogwheel. Inscription of the shahada in Arabic and name of the nation in Pashto: لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله - ١٤١٥,١,١٥هـ ت - د افغانستان اسلامي امارت "There is no god but Allah. Muhammad is the messenger of Allah - 15-1-1415A.H.Q[b] - Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan".
• National motive of Afghanistan لا إله إلا الله، محمد رسول الله  (Lā ʾilāha ʾillāl–lāh, Muhammadun rasūl allāh).
• National anthem of Afghanistan is Afgan national anthem.
• National heros of Afghanistan is Ahmad Shah Durrani.
• National mausoleum of Afghanistan is tomb of Ahmad Shah Durrani.
• National poet of Afghanistan is Rumi.
• National dress of Afghanistan is Afgan clothes (shalwar kameez).
• National mosque of Afghanistan is  Abdul Rahman Mosque, Kabul.
• National mountain of Afghanistan is Mount Noshaq.
• National River of Afghanistan is Kabul river.
• National sport of Afghanistan is Buzkashi.
• National dance of Afgan is Attan.
• National instrument of Afghanistan is Rubab.
• National flower of Afghanistan is Tulip.
• National animal of Afghanistan is snow leopard.
• National dog of Afghanistan is Afgan Hound.
• National bird of Afghanistan is golden Eagle.
• The kabul public library (KPL) is also the only state-owned public library in Kabul and the oldest of the public libraries in Afghanistan.
• National Fruit of Afghanistan is Pomegranate.
• National dish of Afghanistan is Qabuli Palaw.
• National tree of Afghanistan is  Afghan Pine.
• National drink of Afghanistan is traditional Tea .
• National food of Afghanistan is Qabuli palaw.
• Afghanistan National Television is the state-owned television channel in Afghanistan. It is part of the Radio Television Afghanistan (RTA) public broadcaster.
• Communications in Afghanistan is under the control of the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (MCIT).Radio Afghanistan, also known as Radio Kabul or Voice of Sharia, is the public radio station of Afghanistan, owned by Radio Television Afghanistan.
• Afghanistan Railways is the national, state-owned railway company which own three routes and working to expand.
• Ariana Afghan Airlines (ARIANA) is the largest airline in Afghanistan and serves as the country's National Carrier. Founded in 1955
• Afghan Post is the national mail and courier organization of Afghanistan with its headquarters in Kabul.

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Pakistan

Flag of Pakistan 

State emblem of Pakistan

(coat of arms adopted 1954) 

Introduction of Pakistan 

Pakistan (Urdu: پاکستان ) officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a country in South Asia. Pakistan came into being in 14 Agust 1947.

The founder of Pakistan was Quaied-E-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah.

Pakistan is a middle power nation, and has the world's sixth-largest standing armed forces. It is a declared nuclear-weapons state, in 28 may 1998. A nuclear scientist Dr Abdull Qadier khan known as the Father of Pakistani atomic bomb.

Pakistan is ranked among the emerging and growth-leading economies,

But now these days due to cruption and  political crisis Pakistan is on vage of bank rupcy.

Legislative body of Pakistan

The Parliament of Pakistan (Urdu: مجلسِ شوریٰ پاکستان, Majlis-e-Shūrā Pākistān, lit. "Pakistan Advisory Council" or "Pakistan Consultative Assembly") is the federal and supreme legislative body of Pakistan. It is a bicameral federal legislature that consists of the Senate as the upper house and the National Assembly as the lower house.

State heads

The prime minister of Pakistan (Urdu: وزِیرِ اعظم پاکستان , is the head of government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Executive authority is vested in the prime minister and his chosen cabinet, despite the president of Pakistan serving as the nominal head of executive.

Capital of Pakistan 

Islmabad is the capital of Pakistan.

Largest city 

Karchi is the largest city of Pakistan and finical centre.

Currancy of Pakistan

Currancy of Pakistan is Pakistani Rupees.

Country codes

Caling code +92

Iso code 3166 Pk

ISO 3166 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that defines codes for the names of countries, dependent territories, special areas of geographical interest, and their principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states).

National Language of Pakistan 

National Language of Pakistan is urdu ( اُردو ) but most of official work done in English instead of urdu.

Other ethnic languages are spoken like Pashto, punjabi, saraiki , Sindhi, hindko balochi marathi Kashmiri gujri etc, approximately 77 ethnic languages are spoken all over the Pakistan.

Time zone

UTC+05:00(PKT)

Coordinated Universal Time or UTC is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time.

Date format 

dd.mm.yy.y.y

Driving side

Left drive 

Travel facilities

Transporter vechiels are available in whole Pakistan, trains and domestic air lines are available for some major cities. And boats are available for some water lock areas.

GDP year 2022

Gross Domestic products of the year 2022 is 376.49 US billion dollars.

Relegion

96.5% islam 

2.1% Hinduism

1.3 % christainty 

0.1% others

Population of Pakistan 

It is the world's fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 243 million people, according to census 2022 and has the world's second-largest Muslim population, just behind Indonesia.

Map of Pakistan

Map of Pakistan 

Total Area

881,913 km square .

Water % 2.86 .

Area and boundaries of Pakistan 

Pakistan is the 33rd-largest country in the world by area and the second-largest in South Asia, spanning 881,913 square kilometers (340,509 square miles).  It has a 1,046-kilometer (650-mile) coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south, and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west, Iran to the southwest, and China to the northeast.  It is separated narrowly from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor in the north, and also shares a maritime border with Oman.  Islamabad is the nation's capital, while Karachi is its largest city and financial center.

Cultural civilization and Heritage

Pakistan is the site of several ancient cultures, including the 8,500-year-old Neolithic site of Mehrgarh in Balochistan, the Indus Valley civilization of the Bronze Age, the most extensive of the civilizations of Afro-Eurasia, and the ancient Gandhara civilization. 

The regions that comprise the modern state of Pakistan were the realm of multiple empires and dynasties, including the Achaemenid, the Maurya, the Kushan, the Gupta; the Umayyad Caliphate in its southern regions, the Samma, the Hindu Shahis, the  Shah Miris, the Ghaznavids, the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughals, and most recently, the British Raj from 1858 to 1947.

National of Pakistan 

Pakistani-state owned is known as National of Pakistan. Some important are given below.

• National flag of Pakistan having green and white color Cresent and star ,green represents the Muslim majority and agricultural country white non Muslims and sighn of peace.
• National language of Pakistan is Urdu.
• National emblem of Pakistan is shield with wreath of jasmine.
• National motive of Pakistan Faith, Unity, Discipline.
• National badges of Pakistan is Nishan-e-Haider , Tamgha-e-Imtiaz.
• National heros of Pakistan is Quaied-e-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah and Fatima Jinnah.
• National mausoleum of Pakistan is Mazar-e-Quaied.
• National poet of Pakistan is Allama Iqbal.
• National Mohsin of Pakistan is Dr. Abdul Qadier khan.
• National dress of Pakistan is shalwar kameez.
• National colure of Pakistan is dark green.
• National mosque of Pakistan is Faisal mosque, Islmabad.
• National mountain of Pakistan is K-2.
• National River of Pakistan is indus river.
• National aquatc animal of Pakistan is indus river dolphin.
• National sport of Pakistan is Hockey.
• National flower of Pakistan is Jasmine.
• National animal of Pakistan is Markhor.
• National bird of Pakistan is chukar (chukar partridge).
• National library of Pakistan is National library Islmabad.
• National Fruit of Pakistan is Mango.
• National vegetable of Pakistan is lady finger.
• National tree of Pakistan Deodar tree.
• National drink of Pakistan is sugarcane drink.
• National food of Pakistan is Nihari.
• National broadcasting of Pakistan is Pakistan television (ptv) established in 1964.
• National telecommunications of Pakistan is Pakistan telecommunication company limited (Ptcl), established since 1947.
• National public broadcaster for radio in Pakistan is Radio Pakistan head quarter is in Islamabad. The network established in 14 agust 1947.
• National steel mill of Pakistan is Pakistan steel mill Karachi.
• Pakistan Railways (reporting mark PR) (Urdu: پاکستان رلویز) is the national, state-owned railway company of Pakistan head office in Lahore.
• National Air line of Pakistan is Pakistan international airline (PIA).
• National post of Pakistan is Pakistan post established in 1947, it started functioning as Department of Post & Telegraph head office in Islamabad.

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