Physics

If we look carefully at the various objects found in our garden, many questions arise in our mind regarding their structure, style, etc. For example, the first question that arises in our mind is about material objects.  It is related to why some material objects are found in the form of solid, some liquid and some gas.  What are the causes of brightness?  Even after seeing the performance of different items, many questions arise in the mind, for example, why does a plastic comb attract small pieces of wood, straws and paper after running it through the hair?  Why does a stone fall farther when it is thrown with a slingshot than when it is thrown by hand?  What is the nature of heat and how is light produced?  Such questions were and are in the human mind from the beginning of creation.  The branch of science that provides answers to these questions is called physics.

What is Physics 

Physics, science that deals with the structure of matter and the interactions between the fundamental constituents of the observable universe.  In the broadest sense, physics (from the Greek physikos) is concerned with all aspects of nature on both the macroscopic and submicroscopic levels.  Its scope of study encompasses not only the behavior of objects under the action of given forces but also the nature and origin of gravitational, electromagnetic, and nuclear force fields.  Its ultimate objective is the formulation of a few comprehensive principles that bring together and explain all such disparate phenomena.

History

The word "physics" originates from Ancient Greek: φυσική (ἐπιστήμη), romanized: physikḗ (epistḗmē), meaning "knowledge of nature".

Elements of what became physics were drawn primarily from the fields of astronomy, optics, and mechanics, which were methodologically united through the study of geometry.  These mathematical disciplines began in antiquity with the Babylonians and with Hellenistic writers such as Archimedes and Ptolemy.  Ancient philosophy, meanwhile, included what was called "Physics".

Physics began when man first started to study his surroundings.  Early applications of physics include the invention of the wheel and of primitive weapons.  The people who built Stone Henge had knowledge of physical mechanics in order to move the rocks and place them on top of each other.  It was not until during the period of Greek culture that the first systematic treatment of physics started with the use of mechanics.  Thales is often said to have been the first scientist, and the first Greek philosopher.  He was an astronomer, merchant and mathematician, and after visiting Egypt he is said to have originated the science of deductive geometry.  He also discovered theorems of elementary geometry and is said to have correctly predicted an eclipse of the sun.  Many of his studies were in astronomy but he also observed static electricity. 

Phytogoras was a Greek philosopher.  He discovered simple numerical ratios relating the musical tones of major consonances, to the length of the strings used in sounding them.  The Pythagorean theorem was named after him, although this fundamental statement of deductive geometry was most likely an idea from Egyptian methods of measurements.  With the help of his followers he discovered that the earth was a sphere, but he did not believe it revolved around the sun.

Democritus was the leader of a group called Atomists.  Although they were unable to prove that matter was made up of small particles, they were the first to come up with the idea.  Democritus believed that atoms differed in size, shape, and movement but were all made of the same substances.  Aristotle was the most important scientific philosopher in Greece.  He believed that all matter on earth consisted of four pure substances or elements, which were earth, air, fire, and water.  He also believed that the earth was the center of the universe, and that anything beyond the earth consisted of a fifth pure substance called quintessence.  Archimedes was an inventor and mathematician, who discovered several basic scientific principles and developed a number of measuring techniques. 

Ptolemy was an Egyptian astronomer.  He developed a model for predicting the positions of the sun, moon, stars, and planets.  Like Aristotle, he believed that the earth was the center of the universe.  Between 400 AD.  and 1000 AD.